Hello friends,

I made some laboratory tests this morning to get some indication about the
ability to communicate with signals below noise level using Slow-CW.

I used a calibrated frequency synthesizer (Adret 2230), an 0-120 dB
attenuator in 1 dB steps (Schlumberger BMD500) and my Praecitronic MV61
Selective Level Meter. With a BNC t-connector I fed the normal band noise
including loran lines on 137.500 kHz (+/- 50 Hz) to one side of the
t-connector, and the output of the frequency synthesizer to the other side.

With the attenuator I made sure that a 0 dBm (50 Ohm) signal with the
synthesizer corresponds to a -80 dBu (75 Ohm) signal at the MV62
(plus/minus 1 dB).

The band was quite this morning, with a background noise around -110 dBu
(approx. S 4) and Loran lines clearly visible.

Using the 100 Hz bandwidth of the MV62 and the cascaded 250 Hz/500 Hz CW
filters of the IC-746 I checked the signal by ear as well as with the
Spectrogram software with the normal parameters I use for "3-5
second-dot-length" Slow-CW (5.5k sample rate, 16bit mono, 16384 points FFT
= 0.3 Hz resolution, 60 dB scale, 300 ms time scale, 10 x average) and
obtained the following results:

Injected        Received                Comment
Signal  Signal
Strength        Strength


- 20 dBm        - 100 dBu               good audible CW signal (approx. S6)
- 30 dBm        - 110 dBu               CW signal approx. equal to
background noise (S4), just can be copied
- 35 dBm        - 115 dBu               boundary for aural CW, signal just
detectable by ear
- 45 dBm        - 125 dBu               good "O" signal in Slow-CW, signal
same level as Loran-lines
- 50 dBm        - 130 dBu               still good readable Slow-CW signal
"M"
- 55 dBm        - 135 dBu               Slow-CW just detectable "T"
- 60 dBm        - 140 dBu               Slow-CW signal not any more
detectable with above listed parameters


Conclusions:

Slow-CW has a 20 dB signal level advantage over normal (aural CW), which
means that the minimum detectable and/or readable Slow-CW signal that might
just allow communication lies 20 dB below the signal, that can just be
detected and/or decoded by a trained CW-operator's ear (yes, I consider
myself to be a trained CW operator ...). If I consider the "CW-operator's
ear/brain bandwidth" to be 30 Hz, this roughly corresponds to the

I would be interested to get your comments or own measurements on this
subject. I do not yet have sufficient experience with Spectran to make full
advantage of this software, so I would like to hear about that software as

Best 73

Geri, DK8KW (W1KW)