From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "John Andrews" <w1tag@charter.net>
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Hartmut,

> Poor conditions here at my side. Copied only "ES" around 0215z. Saw
> VO1NA much stronger in the past weeks than last night.

There was a propagation peak to Brian around 0100, but copy dropped off
after that. Thanks for the try.

John Andrews




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Dear LF-enthusiasts!

See http://www.spacesounds.com/home/index.html

On a www there are very interesting sounds. Some of them are very
similar to sounds on LF ;-)

73! Ed RU6LA  ed@dx.ru  http://136.73.ru



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Hi all, 5 sec "dots" with 10 sec spaces on 136.8kHz audible in JO02PB,
IPSWICH

Cheers de Alan G3NYK
alan.melia@btinternet.com




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Hi Alan,
Hope to have my receiver and antenne ready next weekend.
I'm a newby on 136.
Hope to "see" You in the near future.
73's Chris PA3FUN

Alan Melia wrote:

>Hi all, 5 sec "dots" with 10 sec spaces on 136.8kHz audible in JO02PB,
>IPSWICH
>
>Cheers de Alan G3NYK
>alan.melia@btinternet.com
>
>
>
>
>
>  
>


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Hi Chris after I typed the message I think I heard (I was away from the
radio) an id from ON6ND who was testing a new aerial. I hope to hear you
next weekend, new stations do not appear very often now and there may be
several waiting to work you.
Good Luck
Cheers de Alan G3NYK


----- Original Message -----
From: "Christiaan Roselaar" <pa3fun@amsat.org>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: 05 May 2004 19:54
Subject: Re: LF: Test Signal ??


> Hi Alan,
> Hope to have my receiver and antenne ready next weekend.
> I'm a newby on 136.
> Hope to "see" You in the near future.
> 73's Chris PA3FUN
>
> Alan Melia wrote:
>
> >Hi all, 5 sec "dots" with 10 sec spaces on 136.8kHz audible in JO02PB,
> >IPSWICH
> >
> >Cheers de Alan G3NYK
> >alan.melia@btinternet.com
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
> >
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Hi!

Where do you made those tests? I haven't been able to heard any station since
one month ago and I don't know exactly where to tune the receiver to listen...
Is there a "calling frecuency" over Europe?

Thanks!

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Thursday, May 06, 2004 12:10 AM
Subject: Re: LF: Test Signal ??


> Hi Chris after I typed the message I think I heard (I was away from the
> radio) an id from ON6ND who was testing a new aerial. I hope to hear you
> next weekend, new stations do not appear very often now and there may be
> several waiting to work you.
> Good Luck
> Cheers de Alan G3NYK



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Hi Alan and group

I was testing my new antenna system
so measuring the fieldstrengt on a distance it was  1.2mV/meter
with  400Watts input
I ended with my call ON6ND but maybe to short
the OM was a motor and a micro switch HI
But tnx for the report
 Vy 73 to all

Werner  ON6ND
 
----- Original Message ----- 
From: Alan Melia <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: LF-Group <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Wednesday, May 05, 2004 8:42 PM
Subject: LF: Test Signal ??


> Hi all, 5 sec "dots" with 10 sec spaces on 136.8kHz audible in JO02PB,
> IPSWICH
> 
> Cheers de Alan G3NYK
> alan.melia@btinternet.com
> 
> 
> 
> 



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Hi all, those of you with access to professional mags will no doubt have
seen this, but I could not resist as it is at my favourite price ...FREE!!
The book is "Digital Signal Processing for Scientists and Engineers". I am
not recommending it or reviewing it....just have a look at the web site and
make your own mind up.. The PDF of the whole book is just under 10Mbyte, but
chapers can be downloaded separately, there are about 28 of them. Swot it
all up and then ask Alberto some difficult questions !!

http://www.dspguide.com/
Click the "browse and download" link, and take your choice there is no
registration or log-in required. It may be rubbish but I doubt it, as it is
offered by EDN magazine.
Maybe I'm just getting too much of an old meany !!

Cheers de Alan G3NYK
alan.melia@btinternet.com




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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I have the paper edition of that book, courtesy of Analog Devices, and 
can only
recommend it. Very well written indeed, with an eye to the doubts that 
newcomers
to  DSP techniques have. The math is right, not too much nor too few, 
but what
pleases me most is the narrative tone. It is not a reference book, it is 
a learning book,
full of those examples that you don't find in more academic texts, but 
that can
augment your insights in the matter.

73  Alberto  I2PHD
----------------------------------

Alan Melia wrote:

>Hi all, those of you with access to professional mags will no doubt have
>seen this, but I could not resist as it is at my favourite price ...FREE!!
>The book is "Digital Signal Processing for Scientists and Engineers". I am
>not recommending it or reviewing it....just have a look at the web site and
>make your own mind up.. The PDF of the whole book is just under 10Mbyte, but
>chapers can be downloaded separately, there are about 28 of them. Swot it
>all up and then ask Alberto some difficult questions !!
>
>http://www.dspguide.com/
>Click the "browse and download" link, and take your choice there is no
>registration or log-in required. It may be rubbish but I doubt it, as it is
>offered by EDN magazine.
>Maybe I'm just getting too much of an old meany !!
>
>Cheers de Alan G3NYK
>alan.melia@btinternet.com
>
>
>
>
>.
>
>  
>




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From: Talbot Andrew <ACTALBOT@mail.dstl.gov.uk>
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I agree - well worth getting the paper version, if only to save getting a
bad neck peering at a computer screen for hours. 

Andy  G4JNT

 
-----Original Message-----
From: Alberto di Bene [mailto:dibene@usa.net]
Sent: 2004 May 07 09:16
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: DSP Book free !!


I have the paper edition of that book, courtesy of Analog Devices, and 
can only
recommend it. Very well written indeed, with an eye to the doubts that 
newcomers
to  DSP techniques have. The math is right, not too much nor too few, 
but what
pleases me most is the narrative tone. It is not a reference book, it is 
a learning book,
full of those examples that you don't find in more academic texts, but 
that can
augment your insights in the matter.

73  Alberto  I2PHD
----------------------------------

Alan Melia wrote:

>Hi all, those of you with access to professional mags will no doubt have
>seen this, but I could not resist as it is at my favourite price ...FREE!!
>The book is "Digital Signal Processing for Scientists and Engineers". I am
>not recommending it or reviewing it....just have a look at the web site and
>make your own mind up.. The PDF of the whole book is just under 10Mbyte,
but
>chapers can be downloaded separately, there are about 28 of them. Swot it
>all up and then ask Alberto some difficult questions !!
>
>http://www.dspguide.com/
>Click the "browse and download" link, and take your choice there is no
>registration or log-in required. It may be rubbish but I doubt it, as it is
>offered by EDN magazine.
>Maybe I'm just getting too much of an old meany !!
>
>Cheers de Alan G3NYK
>alan.melia@btinternet.com
>
>
>
>
>.
>
>  
>



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From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Hi Werner, I guessed it was something like that, I should have known from
the signal it was you. In fact just after I posted the message your timer
send the ID and then I knew who it was. The signal is good audible here of
course.....again this lunchtime (1209z) with your CQ audible (in SSB
bandwidth)  over my local noise....local fellow geriatrics watching TV !!
Cheers de Alan G3NYK

----- Original Message -----
From: "DE BONDT WERNER" <w.bondt@belgacom.net>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: 06 May 2004 20:27
Subject: LF: Re: Test Signal ??


> Hi Alan and group
>
> I was testing my new antenna system
> so measuring the fieldstrengt on a distance it was  1.2mV/meter
> with  400Watts input
> I ended with my call ON6ND but maybe to short
> the OM was a motor and a micro switch HI
> But tnx for the report
>  Vy 73 to all
>
> Werner  ON6ND
>




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From: "captbrian" <captbrian@ukonline.co.uk>
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References: <002b01c432d0$cb869e00$6507a8c0@Main> <000e01c433a0$3b9ac840$07df043e@mh70i> <001301c4342c$86683c40$6507a8c0@Main>
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yu can hardly be a geriatric with a G3 plus 3 call.
I'm earlier and just a boy really..
Now g2 plus 2 maybe..

G3GVB
----- Original Message -----
From: Alan Melia <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Friday, May 07, 2004 1:12 PM
Subject: LF: Re: Re: Test Signal ??


> Hi Werner, I guessed it was something like that, I should have known from
> the signal it was you. In fact just after I posted the message your timer
> send the ID and then I knew who it was. The signal is good audible here of
> course.....again this lunchtime (1209z) with your CQ audible (in SSB
> bandwidth)  over my local noise....local fellow geriatrics watching TV !!
> Cheers de Alan G3NYK
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "DE BONDT WERNER" <w.bondt@belgacom.net>
> To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
> Sent: 06 May 2004 20:27
> Subject: LF: Re: Test Signal ??
>
>
> > Hi Alan and group
> >
> > I was testing my new antenna system
> > so measuring the fieldstrengt on a distance it was  1.2mV/meter
> > with  400Watts input
> > I ended with my call ON6ND but maybe to short
> > the OM was a motor and a micro switch HI
> > But tnx for the report
> >  Vy 73 to all
> >
> > Werner  ON6ND
> >
>
>
>
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Hi Brian well you know what they say " you are as old as you feel"  I guess
you got a few turns up on me...maybe I can be a "neo-geriatric" then ??

Alan

----- Original Message -----
From: "captbrian" <captbrian@ukonline.co.uk>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: 07 May 2004 14:35
Subject: LF: Re: Re: Re: Test Signal ??


> yu can hardly be a geriatric with a G3 plus 3 call.
> I'm earlier and just a boy really..
> Now g2 plus 2 maybe..
>
> G3GVB




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From: Eric KD5UWL <eric@willow.nutstreet.net>
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Beacon "XFX" is on the air with new antenna:
http://www.nutstreet.net/xfx/

Eric



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Hi Alan and group,

IMHO, book you mentioned
"Digital Signal Processing for Scientists and Engineers"
is ufb, I have actually tried a lot of the examples from it and most of them work flawlessly.
In one of the DSP-related algorithms is an illegal array index (which causes a protection fault under certain programming languages), but the explanations are beautiful and lack most of the math overhead which you find in other textbooks.

Regards, and hope to see some of you in Friedrichshafen this year.

Wolf DL4YHF.


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From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
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Hello all,

I completed my G0MRF-transmitter, and today I've done the
first tests on it.
All is working fine, except the output circuit.

As far as I can see now, the outputt-transformer on the FET's is
not good.

I'm using an old core from the HV-circuit of a computer monitor.
I got this tip from Jim, M0BMU a while ago.
Core size is about 63x39x14mm (2 "C"shaped halves, held together
with a metal spring clip)
I payed a lot off atention to have no air gap.

Used 10 turns on the primary side, centre tapped.
(That means 2 times 5 turns.......)
Secundairy coil max. 21 turns with taps, all as described in the
original design.
Well, at 15V drain voltage I already had 9Amp........
With 40V over 50 Ohm.......
FET's got hot........
I changed primairy to 2 times 7 turns instead of 2 times 5 turns,
and that gave me 15V, 5Amp with also around 40V over 50 Ohm.
So, higher efficiency......

I wonder if anyone has experience with these core's and have hints about
number of turns to be used, before I start to get into endless rewinding
coils etc.

73

Dick, pa4vhf





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Hi Dick, I dont know whether the calculation is valid in this case but I
dont see why not. I have always measured the inductance of the the primary
winding and adjusted the turns until the reactance (secondary open of
course) is at least 3 times the driving impedance. The driving impedance is
probably not quoted by Dave but you can work back from the turns ratio to
the 50 ohm secondary. In the case of a narrow band transformer like this
situation, it might be better (more efficient) for the reactance to be 5
times the driving impedance impedance. You should also be able to work out
what the reactance of Dave's transformer would be because the turns per uH
should be quoted for 3C89 cores in the references. It would sound as though
your LOPT cores do not have as high a permiability as Dave's cores, or maybe
there is a slight effect from the air gap. I have certainly wound working
transformers on old LOPT cores.
I hope that helps ...if I've screwed it up no doubt someone will correct me.

Cheers de Alan G3NYK
alan.melia@btinternet.com

----- Original Message -----
From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: 09 May 2004 21:02
Subject: LF: TX-ouput transformer problems


> Hello all,
>
> I completed my G0MRF-transmitter, and today I've done the
> first tests on it.
> All is working fine, except the output circuit.
>
> As far as I can see now, the outputt-transformer on the FET's is
> not good.
>
> I'm using an old core from the HV-circuit of a computer monitor.
> I got this tip from Jim, M0BMU a while ago.
> Core size is about 63x39x14mm (2 "C"shaped halves, held together
> with a metal spring clip)
> I payed a lot off atention to have no air gap.
>
> Used 10 turns on the primary side, centre tapped.
> (That means 2 times 5 turns.......)
> Secundairy coil max. 21 turns with taps, all as described in the
> original design.
> Well, at 15V drain voltage I already had 9Amp........
> With 40V over 50 Ohm.......
> FET's got hot........
> I changed primairy to 2 times 7 turns instead of 2 times 5 turns,
> and that gave me 15V, 5Amp with also around 40V over 50 Ohm.
> So, higher efficiency......
>
> I wonder if anyone has experience with these core's and have hints about
> number of turns to be used, before I start to get into endless rewinding
> coils etc.
>
> 73
>
> Dick, pa4vhf
>
>
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Dick and Alan,

I agree with comments from Alan, it does seem your core is either lower
permability material, or there is still some unintended "air gap" (I have
heard of gaps being set by glass beads in glue).

I suggest that what is needed is a test of inductance of the primary side,
at or near working frequency.  A method I use is to series resonate the
inductor under test with a known capacitor (I use a switchbox with
polystyrene caps) and look for the resonant peak.  Inject from a signal
generator and a stepdown ratio (say 20:1 but it is not critical) toroid (to
give lo Z source) and put one leg of the series circuit through the toroid.
Monitor voltage across either the inductor or capacitor with a 10:1 scope
probe (minimal loading at 10 megohms).  Pick the capacitor that gives
resonance nearest to the band of interest.  This can also act as a
reasonable Q meter, using the -3 dB response method.

73, Bob ZL2CA

----- Original Message -----
From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Monday, May 10, 2004 8:56 AM
Subject: LF: Re: TX-ouput transformer problems


> Hi Dick, I dont know whether the calculation is valid in this case but I
> dont see why not. I have always measured the inductance of the the primary
> winding and adjusted the turns until the reactance (secondary open of
> course) is at least 3 times the driving impedance. The driving impedance
is
> probably not quoted by Dave but you can work back from the turns ratio to
> the 50 ohm secondary. In the case of a narrow band transformer like this
> situation, it might be better (more efficient) for the reactance to be 5
> times the driving impedance impedance. You should also be able to work out
> what the reactance of Dave's transformer would be because the turns per uH
> should be quoted for 3C89 cores in the references. It would sound as
though
> your LOPT cores do not have as high a permiability as Dave's cores, or
maybe
> there is a slight effect from the air gap. I have certainly wound working
> transformers on old LOPT cores.
> I hope that helps ...if I've screwed it up no doubt someone will correct
me.
>
> Cheers de Alan G3NYK
> alan.melia@btinternet.com
>
> ----- Original Message -----
> From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
> To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
> Sent: 09 May 2004 21:02
> Subject: LF: TX-ouput transformer problems
>
>
> > Hello all,
> >
> > I completed my G0MRF-transmitter, and today I've done the
> > first tests on it.
> > All is working fine, except the output circuit.
> >
> > As far as I can see now, the outputt-transformer on the FET's is
> > not good.
> >
> > I'm using an old core from the HV-circuit of a computer monitor.
> > I got this tip from Jim, M0BMU a while ago.
> > Core size is about 63x39x14mm (2 "C"shaped halves, held together
> > with a metal spring clip)
> > I payed a lot off atention to have no air gap.
> >
> > Used 10 turns on the primary side, centre tapped.
> > (That means 2 times 5 turns.......)
> > Secundairy coil max. 21 turns with taps, all as described in the
> > original design.
> > Well, at 15V drain voltage I already had 9Amp........
> > With 40V over 50 Ohm.......
> > FET's got hot........
> > I changed primairy to 2 times 7 turns instead of 2 times 5 turns,
> > and that gave me 15V, 5Amp with also around 40V over 50 Ohm.
> > So, higher efficiency......
> >
> > I wonder if anyone has experience with these core's and have hints about
> > number of turns to be used, before I start to get into endless rewinding
> > coils etc.
> >
> > 73
> >
> > Dick, pa4vhf
> >
> >
> >
>
>


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----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Sunday, May 09, 2004 10:02 PM
Subject: LF: TX-ouput transformer problems


> Hello all,
>
> I completed my G0MRF-transmitter, and today I've done the
> first tests on it.
> All is working fine, except the output circuit.
>
> As far as I can see now, the outputt-transformer on the FET's is
> not good.
>
> I'm using an old core from the HV-circuit of a computer monitor.
> I got this tip from Jim, M0BMU a while ago.
> Core size is about 63x39x14mm (2 "C"shaped halves, held together
> with a metal spring clip)
> I payed a lot off atention to have no air gap.
>
> Used 10 turns on the primary side, centre tapped.
> (That means 2 times 5 turns.......)
> Secundairy coil max. 21 turns with taps, all as described in the
> original design.
> Well, at 15V drain voltage I already had 9Amp........
> With 40V over 50 Ohm.......
> FET's got hot........
> I changed primairy to 2 times 7 turns instead of 2 times 5 turns,
> and that gave me 15V, 5Amp with also around 40V over 50 Ohm.
> So, higher efficiency......
>
> I wonder if anyone has experience with these core's and have hints about
> number of turns to be used, before I start to get into endless rewinding
> coils etc.
>
> 73
>
> Dick, pa4vhf
>
>
>
>
> Hello Dick and group,
I also was curious abt the output xformer, but what caused the trouble in my
case was the timing of the PA-FETs. While one was still conducting, the
seconde one was already conducting. The result was heavy ringing, hot FETs
and miserable efficiency. One can prove that problem by watching the Voltage
at CT. In my case it dropped rapidly seen as a negative pulse.
Removing the two schottkies did not bring the highest performence, but now I
can use it as a transmitter at least. 230 Watts out into a dummy at 60V DC
and 5 Amps.
Good luck and let us know abt your experience.
vy 73 de Peter, DJ9DW.





From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "urban ekholm" <urban.ekholm@finspong.com>
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Hi all !

I made some tests on a TV line output core during the last winter, just to
see if is
suitable for an antenna matching transformer. Maybe this can be of some
help:

I used a core from an old coulour TV (22"-screen). The core was first taken
apart and
the thin pvc pieces giving a small air gap were removed and the cores
were glued together with epoxy. On each leg (the ones whitch are circular) I
wound 25 turns of 1mm wire (with electricians tape between the core and the
first turns)
which gave an inductance of about 330uH.
This was connected between the tx and a Heathkit "Cantenna" dummy load with
an SWR-meter between the tx and the transformer.
The output was changed by changing the voltage on the PA. The SWR was very
high, obviously
too loose coupling between the windings (or wrong ferrite !)
I then removed one winding and instead rewound it on top of the other (the
same number of turns).
Making the same test again and now the SWR was 1:1 ! Running 200W output for
a couple of minutes
gave no heating at all of neither the core nor the winding.
The power output was increased to 350W and after about 10min a slight
heating of the core was noticeable.
With 470W output the temperature increases quicker and maybe using QRSS with
longer transmissions will
give problems.
The last test was with 750W output. Still SWR 1:1 but the core temperature
rises more quickly now and I did not test this
fore a long time. The winding also now started to get warm
Probably it would be possible to use 750W by using two cores "side by side"
and thicker wire. However, I did
not have enough thicker wire to perform this test.

Good luck !

73 SM5EUF / Urban

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Sunday, May 09, 2004 10:02 PM
Subject: LF: TX-ouput transformer problems


> Hello all,
>
> I completed my G0MRF-transmitter, and today I've done the
> first tests on it.
> All is working fine, except the output circuit.
>
> As far as I can see now, the outputt-transformer on the FET's is
> not good.
>
> I'm using an old core from the HV-circuit of a computer monitor.
> I got this tip from Jim, M0BMU a while ago.
> Core size is about 63x39x14mm (2 "C"shaped halves, held together
> with a metal spring clip)
> I payed a lot off atention to have no air gap.
>
> Used 10 turns on the primary side, centre tapped.
> (That means 2 times 5 turns.......)
> Secundairy coil max. 21 turns with taps, all as described in the
> original design.
> Well, at 15V drain voltage I already had 9Amp........
> With 40V over 50 Ohm.......
> FET's got hot........
> I changed primairy to 2 times 7 turns instead of 2 times 5 turns,
> and that gave me 15V, 5Amp with also around 40V over 50 Ohm.
> So, higher efficiency......
>
> I wonder if anyone has experience with these core's and have hints about
> number of turns to be used, before I start to get into endless rewinding
> coils etc.
>
> 73
>
> Dick, pa4vhf
>
>
>
>



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Dear Group,

For those of you who are interested, I will be on the air again
starting tonight at 0000 UTC 11 May on 137.7770 kHz. 100 watts, 1.6 amps
to a 100 metre sloping wire. QRSS30 on the hour, 3.5 minutes of silence
then ID at 5 WPM until the next hour, 24 hours/day.


Cheers
Joe



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Dick schrieb:

>..............2 "C"shaped halves, held together with a metal spring clip......

Hi Dick, 

I hope the metal clip does not work as something like a short-cut.
better glue the halves together. 

BTW. I wonder if you know abt the progr "mini ring core calculator" by dl5swb
(dl5swb@qsl.net).

regards
Uwe/dj8wx





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Subject: LF: TX-ouput transformer problems--part 2
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Well, thanks all for your comments and tips.
It helped me, and I got some ideas about what 
might be wrong.

I soldered out the transformer, and did some
measurements on it.
Dispite all precautions I found that apperantly the 
2 core halves didn't make an ideal contact.
Pressing the two halves did gave a large difference
in inductance.........
To give you an idea, it changed from 70uH to over 130uH........
Now I have to find a creative way to put them under a
continue pressure, also when temperature changes, and
without making a short.........
I think this is the main disadvantage of using these cores.
Of course one clever guy can make an adjustable pressure
system, allowing to 'tune' the coil...........

I guess that the coil should be in resonance on 137kHz together
with the 10nF drain capacitors, which means roughly somewhere
around 126uH for each coil part.......

Hope to find some time this week to do this......but busy.....

73 Dick, pa4vhf





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I am now in a position to announce that this year's HF & IOTA Convention is
being held at the Europa Hotel, Gatwick (22 - 24th October).

Last year we only managed a couple of LF sessions as many of those who
normally contribute papers live in the SE of England, and Manchester was a
few motorways too far north!  We are now in the final stages of putting this
year's programme for the event together so I would be keen to receive direct
e-mails (jwgould@iee.org.uk) from anyone wishing to offer a presentation at
this year's event.  In considering suitable topics remember that we like the
event to be inclusive so introductory talks of interest newcomers would be
considered along with the more advanced topics.

73 John, G3WKL

Chairman HFC2004 Organising Committee




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Dick, I am not totally sure of the design, but I believe the transformer
does NOT resonate with the drain capacitor. I believe to work best the
circuit is close to Class-E operation The drain capacitor determines the
optimum power level. Energy stored in the drain choke should flow into the
capacitor when the FET switches off. I am not sure of the design conditions
but this is the same effect as in my single-ended Clas-E PA experiments. The
best literature on these designs is by Nathan Sokal and Fritz Raab. Nat
published a paper in QEX about 3 years ago on Class-E designs. Raab has
published papers and books on alternative configurations, bothe single ended
and push-pull. Though there are "tuned circuits" in the high efficiency
stages they are NOT resonant at the operating frequency, but usually about
10% lower in frequency !!

As to the cores I think you are on your own there as each specimen will
probably be slightly different. I think it may be better to try to find some
large (not split) toroidal cores from old switch-mode PSUs and wind these to
the reactance formula once you find how the permiability of the cores
compares with 3C89s. 70uH should be about enough for the transformer
winding. That is about 60ohm at 137kHz, and the PA drive impedance is in the
10 ohm range. The problem may be the variability.
Cheers de Alan G3NYK

----- Original Message -----
From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: 10 May 2004 21:29
Subject: LF: TX-ouput transformer problems--part 2


> Well, thanks all for your comments and tips.
> It helped me, and I got some ideas about what
> might be wrong.
>
> I soldered out the transformer, and did some
> measurements on it.
> Dispite all precautions I found that apperantly the
> 2 core halves didn't make an ideal contact.
> Pressing the two halves did gave a large difference
> in inductance.........
> To give you an idea, it changed from 70uH to over 130uH........
> Now I have to find a creative way to put them under a
> continue pressure, also when temperature changes, and
> without making a short.........
> I think this is the main disadvantage of using these cores.
> Of course one clever guy can make an adjustable pressure
> system, allowing to 'tune' the coil...........
>
> I guess that the coil should be in resonance on 137kHz together
> with the 10nF drain capacitors, which means roughly somewhere
> around 126uH for each coil part.......
>
> Hope to find some time this week to do this......but busy.....
>
> 73 Dick, pa4vhf
>
>
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Confirming Ill be setting up in Fiji  3D2 on 19/20th June and should be 
receiving up till around 8th July - these dates may vary but its hope the 
station will stay monitoring even if Im not as base camp some 45 miles drive 
from Suva on the S side of the Island.

This side doesnt favor "going North" paths but seeing as I cant see to 
guarantee which way the signals come from I dont its too bad a location 
being less than a mile from the coast.

Rx antennae will be a "steerable" K9AY + pre amp being deployed to reduce 
the likely qrmn. Rx tests continue here at the moment but it will be the 
TS870/850 or FRG100 - these dates may coincide with some other LF tests but 
dont let the fact its summer in Eu and winter in Oz/nz stop any 
experimentation. DCf39 will be used as the LF Eu beacon. I maybe able to 
upload Argos' to my present website http://myweb.cableone.net/flow if I can 
get more than 9.6K out of the landlines.

Talk back on HF is likely but Im still (since Jan!) waiting for the callsign 
- the ministry has just moved and a lot of applications have been mislaid 
including mine.

Im on the island to set up an mulitsite HF net and teach some of the charity 
staff what a dipole isnt. (http://www.raleighinternational.org.uk) so this 
isnt  just a ham dxexpedition and time will be shared - I also hope to sit 
on a beach for a while with my wife! More when I have it.

Future expeditions to Southern Patagonia in October are likely but I know I 
have the Andes in the way for a lot of directons, but there again it didnt 
stop Eu reception in the centre of the volcanoes in Costa Rica.

Laurence KL1X/5, wd2xdw  ...-.-

_________________________________________________________________
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Hello all,

well I rewound the ouput transformer.
Again I have problems, and when checking the signal on
a spectrum analyzer I found that it is peaking on the second harmonic.
So it transmits the main signal on 272kHz.........
136kHz is also present at the ouput, but much much weaker.

It really makes me puzzling.

Dick, pa4vhf




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Hello Dick and all,

> Hello all,
>
> well I rewound the ouput transformer.
> Again I have problems, and when checking the signal on
> a spectrum analyzer I found that it is peaking on the second harmonic.
> So it transmits the main signal on 272kHz.........
> 136kHz is also present at the ouput, but much much weaker.
>
> It really makes me puzzling.
>
> Dick, pa4vhf

You're lucky to owe a spectrum analyzer! It would have saved me a lot of
time in some projects...

However, if you have an oscilloscope as well, check the waveform on FETs,
should be fairly close to a square wave. Heavy ringing can pull the output
waveform almost to zero after the initial peak, thus making the double
frequency (at least this happened to me). Check also for possible coupling
of the ouput stage with CMOS driver. What helped in my case was a solution
by G3YXM (thank you!) : a capacitor around 1nF in series with around 22 ohms
resistor, both connected in parallel to the primary winding of the
transformer (marked as Z on the schematic here
http://www.wireless.org.uk/136bigtx2.gif ).

I am still trying to get some motivation for finishing the RX loop...

73! Marek SQ5BPM



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Dick,

> well I rewound the ouput transformer.
> Again I have problems, and when checking the signal on
> a spectrum analyzer I found that it is peaking on the second harmonic.
> So it transmits the main signal on 272kHz.........
> 136kHz is also present at the ouput, but much much weaker.
>
> It really makes me puzzling.

Double trouble.  Are you certain of the windings being correctly phased for
"push-pull"?  You may have made a "push-push doubler"???

73, Bob




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<HTML><FONT FACE=arial,helvetica><HTML><FONT  SIZE=2 PTSIZE=10 FAMILY="SANSSERIF" FACE="Arial" LANG="0">In a message dated 5/11/04 10:59:45 PM GMT Daylight Time, vernall@xtra.co.nz writes:<BR>
<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE TYPE=CITE style="BORDER-LEFT: #0000ff 2px solid; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px">&gt;well I rewound the ouput transformer.<BR>
&gt;Again I have problems, and when checking the signal on<BR>
&gt;a spectrum analyzer I found that it is peaking on the second harmonic.<BR>
&gt;So it transmits the main signal on 272kHz.........<BR>
&gt;136kHz is also present at the ouput, but much much weaker.<BR>
&gt;<BR>
&gt;It really makes me puzzling.<BR>
<BR>
Double trouble.&nbsp; Are you certain of the windings being correctly phased for<BR>
"push-pull"?&nbsp; You may have made a "push-push doubler"???<BR>
<BR>
73, Bob<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE><BR>
<BR>
Hi.<BR>
<BR>
Have been following this topic.&nbsp; Maybe this will help.<BR>
 <BR>
I've just wound 10 turns on a 58mm 3C90 core and the inductance measured 353uH. <BR>
<BR>
The 10nF on the drains are intended for spike suppression not resonance.<BR>
<BR>
If you can change the design to get class E, at your required output power, then efficiency / dissipation / drain transients would all improve.<BR>
<BR>
The square wave drive should not contain significant amounts of second harmonic.&nbsp; The "push pull doubler" can be created by a fault in the FETs insulating washers, or if they are directly connected to a common isolated heatsink.<BR>
<BR>
Do you have square waves on the drive?&nbsp; Upside down Schottky diodes will distort the drive and cause excess dissipation as the FETs will not be fully 'on'<BR>
<BR>
Good luck<BR>
<BR>
David&nbsp; G0MRF</FONT></HTML>

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From: "James Moritz" <J.R.Moritz@herts.ac.uk>
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Dear LF Group,

I built one of the G0MRF TX boards a few years back, with the intention of
using it for /P operation, but other things have prevented me doing that
yet... Reading about PA4VHF's problems persuaded me to try running my board
at full output. I found I had similar problems to the ones Dick describes -
the DC supply current was rather high, and components got hot, especially
the output transformer. Increasing the DC input to more than about 100W led
to things getting excessively hot. My board is quite faithful to the
original G0MRF article, using the 2x 42mm 3C85 toroid cores, which made it
unlikely that Dick's LOPT core was the source of the trouble. Although these
salvaged cores are not an exact equivalent, the ferrite material and the
other core parameters are certainly very similar, so one can expect very
similar performance.

There are 2 basic types of class D amplifier, the voltage-fed type, where
the power supply is a low impedance voltage source and the load is series
resonant at the operating frequency (the Decca PAs are this type), and
current-fed type, where the supply is a current source (in practice fed
through a choke) and the load is parallel resonant at the operating
frequency. Ideally, the voltage-fed type has a square-wave voltage at the
MOSFET drains, and a sinusoidal drain current, while the current-fed type
has sinusoidal drain voltage and square-wave drain current.  Looking at the
circuit, David's design seems to be half way between the two; the supply
decoupling capacitor has a reactance comparable with the load impedance, so
the supply voltage to the transformer primary is by no means constant, but
neither is it a high impedance, constant current, so one would expect the
voltage and current waveforms to be some kind of distorted sine wave.
However, the low-pass output is very low loaded Q, and so is not really
series or parallel resonant... I wasn't sure what to expect!

Connecting up the scope showed actual waveforms that reminded me of those
bizarre spiky deep-sea fishes you see on TV nature programs, with very heavy
ringing with high frequency spikes and lower frequency undulations. Ringing
was occurring basically at 2 frequencies; roughly 300kHz and 1.6MHz, with
the ringing currents actually larger than the desired 136kHz current. This
explains the high losses in the transformer. Some experimentation showed
that the 1.6MHz resonance was due to a combination of the MOSFET output
capacitance and the leakage inductance of the transformer primaries. The
300kHz ringing was associated with the primary and secondary leakage
inductance, the input capacitor of the LPF, and the 470n "decoupling"
capacitor. The output waveform of the transformer was a totally different
shape, supporting the idea that leakage inductance was the main culprit for
the peculiar waveforms.

To improve circuit operation, I did 2 things. First, I wound a new output
transformer with lower leakage inductance. The primaries are 2 x 4 turns,
wound in bifilar fashion to minimize leakage inductance between them. The
secondary is 16 turns to give the same 4:1 ratio as before. The windings are
made as compact as possible rather than distributing them around the whole
core, with the primaries wound directly on top of the secondary to minimize
leakage flux. I used a salvaged line output transformer core of identical
dimensions to the one Dick describes. The new transformer has much lower
winding inductance than the original - the secondary is about 500uH instead
of a couple of mH of the original - but the inductance is still more than
adequate. The reduced leakage inductance shifts the 1.6MHz ringing to about
8MHz; I replaced the original 10nF capacitors between the MOSFET drains and
ground with a series combination of 5ohm/4.7nF, which largely damps this
out. I also modified the circuit so that it is definitely voltage-fed, by
replacing the power supply choke with a short circuit (decoupling the
transformer centre tap to ground with about 5uF total, and replacing the
pi-section output filter with a series-tuned tank circuit of 11.5nF/110uH.
The leakage inductance of the secondary is absorbed into the series tank
circuit inductance, which effectively kills the 300kHz resonance.

The new circuit has voltage and current waveforms which are much closer to
the "text book" voltage-fed class D, apart from some switching spikes where
the MOSFETs turn on and off. Running with 40V, 10A DC input, the efficiency
seems to be over 90%, and after 20 minutes key-down operation, the MOSFETs
and transformer were certainly warm but still acceptable temperature. The
damping resistors connected to the MOSFET drains dissipate a few watts each
I guess. So this seems to improve things greatly. There are still things to
be done; at the moment the loaded Q of the series tank circuit is only about
2 (the components were to hand...), so there is some visible distortion of
the output waveform with a resistive load, so I might increase the Q or
change the output network design. It should be possible to further reduce
the leakage inductance of the transformer primary by using metal strip
windings. It might be interesting to try a current-fed variant, although the
tank circuit component values will be more awkward. 

I hope this is enough to suggest a way forward, although I don't have time
to go into more detail at the moment - I hope to write up some more info on
this later, perhaps at the weekend. Obviously, the operation of the original
circuit will be very dependent on the exact transformer construction - I
think this may explain why some builders have had trouble, whilst others
have had good results from this type of circuit.

Cheers, Jim Moritz
73 de M0BMU

 


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From: Alberto di Bene <dibene@usa.net>
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I wonder if someone on this list has already had a problem similar
to this, and has found a simple solution.

Problem:
I have a super-filtered and stable DC voltage of about 8V.
I need to make it variable (with negligible current requirements)
from abt 0 to abt 8V, with a minimum step size of abt 10 uV.
I can use part of the processing power of an AVR microcontroller
for this task.  One solution that comes immediately to the mind is
to use a 20-bit DAC, fed somehow with that stable voltage, but I am
in search of something that doesn't need hard-to-find components.

I played with the idea of a charge pump, where you control with
a couple of output bits of a port of the micro the charge and discharge
of a capacitor for variable lenghts of time, so to achieve the wanted
result, but I am unsure of the implementation details. The response time
requirements are very relaxed, there will be an adjustment of that
voltage let's say once every two minutes or more.

Has anybody suggestions or links ?  Many thanks

73  Alberto  I2PHD





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<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff size=2><SPAN 
class=008231619-12052004>Dick,</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff size=2><SPAN class=008231619-12052004>would 
you pls send me a mail, I've lost your email address, and the two PC's at home 
has broken down (harddisk crash)</SPAN></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=008231619-12052004><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff 
size=2>73</FONT></SPAN></DIV>
<DIV><SPAN class=008231619-12052004><FONT face=Arial color=#0000ff 
size=2>Jan-Martin</FONT></SPAN></DIV><BR>
<P><FONT face=Arial size=2>---</FONT> <BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" size=4>J 
M Nøding, Datakvalitet, TTS, Kristiansand</FONT><BR><FONT face=Tahoma 
size=2>-----Original Message-----<BR><B>From:</B> 
owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org 
[mailto:owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org]<B>On Behalf Of </B>Dick 
Rollema<BR><B>Sent:</B> 20. februar 2004 10:31<BR><B>To:</B> 
rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org<BR></FONT></P></BODY></HTML>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Jim

Very interesting, nice to have a man who knows his onions looking over the
circuit! My original design used a piece of thick screened multicore cable
for the transformer windings, primary was the screen, secondary was the
inner cores in series. This should have given my transformer very low
leakage inductance and it worked very well (and still does on my 2kW
version) into my LPF at 200kHz, which seemed to give a happy coincidence of
resonances. Incidentally I later discovered that the Ropex used exactly the
same filter values...! I had no problems with the low voltage version using
this construction, maybe I should have stuck to it with the high voltage
version but I worried about voltage rating of the cable. 
I have always wondered about the decoupling of the centre tap, sometimes it
seems to help and sometimes it doesn't, all down to transformer construction
I suppose.

73
Dave G3YXM.

-----Original Message-----
From: owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
[mailto:owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org] On Behalf Of James Moritz
Sent: 12 May 2004 12:19
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: RE: G0MRF transmitter problems- investigations (long!)

Dear LF Group,

I built one of the G0MRF TX boards a few years back, with the intention of
using it for /P operation, but other things have prevented me doing that
yet... Reading about PA4VHF's problems persuaded me to try running my board
at full output. I found I had similar problems to the ones Dick describes -
the DC supply current was rather high, and components got hot, especially
the output transformer. Increasing the DC input to more than about 100W led
to things getting excessively hot. My board is quite faithful to the
original G0MRF article, using the 2x 42mm 3C85 toroid cores, which made it
unlikely that Dick's LOPT core was the source of the trouble. Although these
salvaged cores are not an exact equivalent, the ferrite material and the
other core parameters are certainly very similar, so one can expect very
similar performance.....





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Well, at least I got a lot of good info from several of you, thanks!

Ouput phasing etc, I am really questioning if I'm doing it wrong or right.

I made the transformer exactly as it is in the schematic.
That means centre tap in the mid, and then 5 turns to one side and
5 turns to the other side.
So the 2 parts of the primairy coil are not in phase fed.
So FET's are in opposite phase.........

Also the secundairy coil is not wound on top (so covering) of
the primairy, but at the other leg of the core.

I now go changing my coil again, and so some further tests on it.

73 Dick



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From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
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Just did some more tests...........
Used another type of core, 3C11

Same problem is still there; tried to damp with 1nF+22 Ohm serie, doesn't
help.
Tried other phasing......didn't work either.

I am using IRFP360, maybe that's the problem? (Rds on 0.2 Ohm)

When I switch TX on , but without voltage on the FET's, I still see the same
but of course much weaker on the output, before the low pass filter.

What I see is only even harmonics, I can not see 136 or the odd harmics.
When measuring at the gates of the FET's I can clearly see 136kHz and all
it's odd
and even products in about same strength.

It looks as if it has something to do with the combination of the 2 FET's
together
with a coil as load.
Maybe I'm running wrong FET's (IRFP360)

I will put it to rest now......hope to have more luck in the coming weeks.

73

Dick, pa4vhf



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Dick,

> I will put it to rest now......hope to have more luck in the coming weeks.
>
> 73
>
> Dick, pa4vhf

Just a thought, how about considering another call sign, as you obviously
want a PA for LF ;-)

73, Bob ZL2CA




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
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Well, thanks to that single sentence from Laurence in his last
posting I finally got out of the nasty problem!

"as long as the coil wind direction doesn't change at the tap point"

and, suddenly I realized that it DID change in direction.
So, I imidiatly changed one half of the test coil, and voila it worked!
Less current, more output, and les harmonics.
Second harmonic seems to be very strong effected by the (470nF)
capacitor at the tappoint.
When adding extra capacitors there is a point where it is optimal rejected.

Thanks so much Laurence!

Hopefuly I'm back on the right way now.......

73 Dick, pa4vhf (now going to bed...and dreaming about more power, hihi)





From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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12./05/2004   2200z

Hello Dick!

Congratulations!

And thanks to all  for the help to my friend!

73: Jeff / F6CWN








----- Original Message -----
From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Wednesday, May 12, 2004 9:03 PM
Subject: LF: output transfomer--BINGO!!!!


> Well, thanks to that single sentence from Laurence in his last
> posting I finally got out of the nasty problem!
>
> "as long as the coil wind direction doesn't change at the tap point"
>
> and, suddenly I realized that it DID change in direction.
> So, I imidiatly changed one half of the test coil, and voila it worked!
> Less current, more output, and les harmonics.
> Second harmonic seems to be very strong effected by the (470nF)
> capacitor at the tappoint.
> When adding extra capacitors there is a point where it is optimal
rejected.
>
> Thanks so much Laurence!
>
> Hopefuly I'm back on the right way now.......
>
> 73 Dick, pa4vhf (now going to bed...and dreaming about more power, hihi)
>
>
>
>
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Been there, done that!!


>From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
>Reply-To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
>To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
>Subject: LF: output transfomer--BINGO!!!!
>Date: Wed, 12 May 2004 23:03:22 +0200
>
>Well, thanks to that single sentence from Laurence in his last
>posting I finally got out of the nasty problem!
>
>"as long as the coil wind direction doesn't change at the tap point"
>
>and, suddenly I realized that it DID change in direction.
>So, I imidiatly changed one half of the test coil, and voila it worked!
>Less current, more output, and les harmonics.
>Second harmonic seems to be very strong effected by the (470nF)
>capacitor at the tappoint.
>When adding extra capacitors there is a point where it is optimal rejected.
>
>Thanks so much Laurence!
>
>Hopefuly I'm back on the right way now.......
>
>73 Dick, pa4vhf (now going to bed...and dreaming about more power, hihi)
>
>
>
>

_________________________________________________________________
Is your PC infected? Get a FREE online computer virus scan from McAfee® 
Security. http://clinic.mcafee.com/clinic/ibuy/campaign.asp?cid=3963



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From: "Vernall" <vernall@xtra.co.nz>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
References: <Pine.OSF.4.56.0405101353240.12353@plato.ucs.mun.ca>
Date: Thu, 13 May 2004 10:58:03 +1200
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Joe,

I've had a look for your beacon since 11 May, and also one previous
occasion, but got nil results so far.  The path to ZL has around 2 hours of
darkness, starting from our sunset and ending with your sunrise.  It seems
the duration of darkness on the path does not change much over the year, but
more investigation is needed to comment in more detail.

73, Bob ZL2CA

> Dear Group,
>
> For those of you who are interested, I will be on the air again
> starting tonight at 0000 UTC 11 May on 137.7770 kHz. 100 watts, 1.6 amps
> to a 100 metre sloping wire. QRSS30 on the hour, 3.5 minutes of silence
> then ID at 5 WPM until the next hour, 24 hours/day.
>
>
> Cheers
> Joe




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Date: Thu, 13 May 2004 09:56:54 +0200
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: Rik Strobbe <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
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Hi Alberto,

If you (or your company) can spend some money on it you could consider 
buying a ultra-stable voltage/current source such as
Analogic Model 8200 (http://www.analogic.com/Level4/TM4/8200.pdf).

An alternative route : in the early days, when anything above 12 bit DAC's 
were hard to find and very expensive, I built a pretty good DAC using a 
stable voltage source and PWM-ing that. After good filtering of the output 
signal I got 15 bit accuracy. Accuracy was mainly determined by the drift 
of the opamps, but todays state-of-the-art opamps should have much less 
drift than those of 20 years ago.

Or : try something with one of these 24 bit audio DAC's such as AD1955, 
they are cheap (< 10 Euro) and if you ask very nice they even send samples.

73, Rik


At 18:57 12/05/2004 +0200, you wrote:
>I wonder if someone on this list has already had a problem similar
>to this, and has found a simple solution.
>
>Problem:
>I have a super-filtered and stable DC voltage of about 8V.
>I need to make it variable (with negligible current requirements)
>from abt 0 to abt 8V, with a minimum step size of abt 10 uV.
>I can use part of the processing power of an AVR microcontroller
>for this task.  One solution that comes immediately to the mind is
>to use a 20-bit DAC, fed somehow with that stable voltage, but I am
>in search of something that doesn't need hard-to-find components.
>
>I played with the idea of a charge pump, where you control with
>a couple of output bits of a port of the micro the charge and discharge
>of a capacitor for variable lenghts of time, so to achieve the wanted
>result, but I am unsure of the implementation details. The response time
>requirements are very relaxed, there will be an adjustment of that
>voltage let's say once every two minutes or more.
>
>Has anybody suggestions or links ?  Many thanks
>
>73  Alberto  I2PHD
>
>
>



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From: "James Moritz" <J.R.Moritz@herts.ac.uk>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Date: Thu, 13 May 2004 12:30:42 +0100
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>.....This is more or less what I had in mind when I wrote of a charge pump.

>The AVR micro I am using offers a
>PWM output, but unfortunately it has a resolution of only ten bits, so 
>it must be done in software.

Dear Alberto, LF Group,

How about this - generate your output DC voltage using the 10 bit PWM.
Additionally, have an external 10 bit DAC, driven from the reference voltage
source used by the PWM. Attenuate the DAC output by a factor of 1/(2^10)(or
whatever factor gives a full-scale output equal to a 1 LSB change in the PWM
output), and sum it with the PWM output to interpolate with 10 bit
resolution between the "coarse" PWM output steps.

I think it would be quite easy to get 20bit resolution like this, but 20 bit
accuracy would be another problem...

Another thought occurs - implement a software DDS with 20bit phase
accumulator, then use the output to drive a frequency to voltage converter
(essentially a pulse generator or charge pump with a low pass filter). One
problem there would be the output ripple at low voltage outputs.

Cheers, Jim Moritz
73 de M0BMU







From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "James Moritz" <J.R.Moritz@herts.ac.uk>
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Dear Joe, Alan, LF Group,

VO1NA was quite good here last night from around 0100 - 0430, with "O" copy
apart from a period of QSB around 0300. The general noise level has crept up
several dB from last month, towards "summer" conditions.

Also, 1Hz below Joe I saw QRSS30 beacon sigs from G3NYK - I guess a
low-power signal source was in use. Nice to finally see you on the air Alan!

Cheers, Jim Moritz
73 de M0BMU



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Hi Alberto,

Jim mentioned using a DAC to interpolate between the PWM steps.
The interpolation can also be done by "PWMing the PWM" between
two adjacent PWM steps (sort of "controlled dithering" :-).
1024 main PWM cycles = 1 sub-PWM cycle.
For example, if the MSWord = 705 and the LSWord = 442 (10-bit words)
then the main PWM should be set to 706 for 442 of the PWM cycles and
to 705 for the remaining 1024-442=582 cycles.

I recall we discussed this approach for VCXO control some time ago.
The downside is that the output signal will contain frequency components
as low as the main PWM frequency divided by the sub-PWM resolution
so you'll need a very "slow" lowpass filter to get rid of the ripple.
A DC accurate multi-pole filter with good (perhaps chopper stabilised)
op-amps should do the trick.

73
Johan SM6LKM



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Hi Alberto,

The filtering requirements are less onerous if the
dithering frequency components are maximized, e.g. by
a DDA algorithm.  In Johan's example, add 442 to a
variable each main PWM cycle.  If the result is less
than 1024, send 705 to the PWM.  Otherwise, send 706
and subtract 1024 from the variable.  This results
in a sequence of 705, 705, 706, 705, 706, 705, etc.

73,

Stewart KK7KA

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Johan Bodin" <jbodin@tele2.se>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Thursday, May 13, 2004 4:42 PM
Subject: LF: Re: VDC source with microvolt resolution


Hi Alberto,

Jim mentioned using a DAC to interpolate between the PWM steps.
The interpolation can also be done by "PWMing the PWM" between
two adjacent PWM steps (sort of "controlled dithering" :-).
1024 main PWM cycles = 1 sub-PWM cycle.
For example, if the MSWord = 705 and the LSWord = 442 (10-bit words)
then the main PWM should be set to 706 for 442 of the PWM cycles and
to 705 for the remaining 1024-442=582 cycles.

I recall we discussed this approach for VCXO control some time ago.
The downside is that the output signal will contain frequency components
as low as the main PWM frequency divided by the sub-PWM resolution
so you'll need a very "slow" lowpass filter to get rid of the ripple.
A DC accurate multi-pole filter with good (perhaps chopper stabilised)
op-amps should do the trick.

73
Johan SM6LKM





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Hello Bob.  Nice to hear from you.

Thank-you for looking for my signals.  The best DX with my
100 watts so far has been to RN6BN at 6600 km or about 1/3
the distance to the antipodes.  With winter approaching you,
perhaps QRN will be lower and under favourable conditions
you might be able to copy my signals.  Do you think we
could improve the odds by using a longer dot?  I could
arrange to send "NA" at dot 120 during the hours of
common darkness if you thought it would be useful.

Cheers
Joe



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Hi Stewart,

  another interesting suggestion to add to the "bag of tricks" for this
project ! Thanks.

73  Alberto  I2PHD
------------------------------

Stewart Nelson wrote:

>Hi Alberto,
>
>The filtering requirements are less onerous if the
>dithering frequency components are maximized, e.g. by
>a DDA algorithm.  In Johan's example, add 442 to a
>variable each main PWM cycle.  If the result is less
>than 1024, send 705 to the PWM.  Otherwise, send 706
>and subtract 1024 from the variable.  This results
>in a sequence of 705, 705, 706, 705, 706, 705, etc.
>





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<html>
<body>
<font size=3><b>Dear Jan-Martin,<br><br>
You can use either
</font><font size=4>d.w.rollema@freeler.nl</font><font size=3> or
</font><font size=4>pa0se@amsat.org</font><font size=3>.<br><br>
73, Dick, PA0SE<br>
</b>&nbsp;<br>
At 21:18 12-5-04, you wrote:<br>
</font><blockquote type=cite class=cite cite=""><font face="arial" size=2 color="#0000FF">Dick,<br>
would you pls send me a mail, I've lost your email address, and the two
PC's at home has broken down (harddisk crash)<br>
</font><font size=3>&nbsp;<br>
</font><font face="arial" size=2 color="#0000FF">73<br>
Jan-Martin<br>
</font><font size=3><br>
</font><font face="arial" size=2>---</font><font size=3> <br>
</font><font face="Times New Roman, Times" size=4>J M Nøding,
Datakvalitet, TTS, Kristiansand</font><font size=3><br>
</font><font face="tahoma" size=2>-----Original Message-----<br>
<b>From:</b> owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
[<a href="mailto:owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org" eudora="autourl">mailto:owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org</a>]<b>On
Behalf Of </b>Dick Rollema<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 20. februar 2004 10:31<br>
<b>To:</b> rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org</font></blockquote></body>
</html>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
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Hi all, there I was playing away on the bench with a new toy....and gosh I
get reports from Jim and an "M" report from Hartmut in Germany !!

The toy was an Adret 201 synth generator 0 to 1.999,999MHz in 0.1Hz steps,
OXCO controlled (or external reference). One nice facility is that the AM
and FM modulation facility have a response down to DC, so I knocked up a
little keyer on vero, hooked on to an external +&-12V  PSU (it needs to
swing to -12 to cut the carrier off.)and attached a small square of vero
with a "test amp" on it. This has a BFY50 and a BSX30 in a kind of half
bridge, and is a verson of an aerial test TX on Lyle Kohler's web site. The
keying source is an old 80C85 "notebook", a NEC 8201, with a simple Basic
program using the cassette motor switch (now there is something you dont get
on PCs these days!!) as the keying contacts. The aerial is connected via a
transformer wound on a small (20mm diam) ferrite from an old SMPSU. The
receive aerial loading coil is a 1.25mH solenoid ( 6in long 28swg on 35mm
waste pipe) tuned by stuffing a small fragment of ferrite rod in the end.
The aerial current was measured using a Tek passive current probe P6021.

The "PA" is running 24V at about 100mA and the aerial current is about
200mA, aerial efficiency is about 0.1% so it is about 2.5mW ERP. (Rtot
aerial about 60ohm, and the capacity is about 850pF). This is a power level
that could easily be achieved even in a small garden, or perhaps with a
loop.

I guess most of you thought it would never happen !! I did....I have a
considerable amount to do yet to allow a two-way....I must find some more
cornflakes boxes !! and some choc blocks.

The unit is still running if anyone else wants to look for it. The frequency
is 137.7760kHz. about.0.2Hz hf of a Loran line. The dot length is about
25secs..

Cheers de Alan G3NYK
alan.melia@btinternet.com




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Alan,

> Hi all, there I was playing away on the bench with a new toy....and gosh I
> get reports from Jim and an "M" report from Hartmut in Germany !!

>The dot length is about
> 25secs..

No wonder I didn't see it! Kick it up to 27 seconds... <g>

John Andrews




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WELL DONE ALAN!  I shall look very carefully at my grab now it is going 
dark. 73, Brian CT1DRP



At 18:38 13/05/2004, you wrote:
>Hi all, there I was playing away on the bench with a new toy....and gosh I




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Joe,

I suggest you leave the schedule as published for the time being.  Testing
with QRSS30 is more realistic if the path is a contender for trying a
two-way QSO.

> ....  With winter approaching you,
> perhaps QRN will be lower and under favourable conditions
> you might be able to copy my signals.

ZL is classed as being in a "temperate climate".   While I would take note
of measured data, in the mean time my own opinion is that the LF QRN in ZL
does not vary much with season, and that there can be low or high QRN nights
any time of the year.  What I would look for is the maximum duration dark
path and that needs further study.  It would be nice to have some software
that calculated the duration rather than induvidual sunset and sunrise
times.

Nothing seen last night, and I'm away from home for the next two nights.

When I say "night", it is the ZL early evening, so is fairly easy to arrange
for monitoring DX signals coming from an easterly quarter.  Monitoring
signals from a westerly quarter are the "dawn breakers".

73, Bob ZL2CA



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Hi Alberto,

> It rests to see if the AT90S8535 (you know that, do you ?  :-) allows this
> "change over the nose" of the PWM limits fast enough to be effective.

I can't see that as a problem. Timer1 overflow flag works in PWM mode too
so it is possible to write an interrupt routine that is synchronized to the PWM
cycle. Every time the ISR is fired, it reads the 20-bit value from a global and
updates the 10-bit PWM control register with either N or N+1, according to
the "sub-PWM" algorithm.

I like Stewart's idea of maximizing the dither frequency by spreading the N+1
corrections all over the main PWM cycles but I don't know enough math for
optimizing it. What if the value of the 10 LSBits is 1 for example? It cannot
be spread out and there will be some some Fpwm/1024 frequency component
(although very small).


> Given that a correction does not happen more often than once every 30 
> seconds, also the lowpass filtering of the control voltage should not be a great 
> problem (maybe).

Assuming 8MHz clock on the '8535 (Yes, I know it :-), main PWM frequency
is 3910 Hz max in 10-bit mode. Adding a 10-bit sub-PWM brings the lowest
frequency component down to 3910/1024 = 3.8 Hz. A 3:rd order LPF with
0.3 Hz cut-off, or so, should be about 60 dB down at 4 Hz and still have a
reasonably fast response. With more filter poles you should be able to put the
cutoff "knee" closer to 3.8 Hz and get faster response without sacrificing
"sub-PWM" ripple rejection. Maybe a Bessel response is preferable to
avoid overshoot although Bessel has a very "lazy" roll-off compared to
Butterworth et. al.

73
Johan SM6LKM



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Johan Bodin wrote:

>I can't see that as a problem. Timer1 overflow flag works in PWM mode too
>so it is possible to write an interrupt routine that is synchronized to the PWM
>cycle. Every time the ISR is fired, it reads the 20-bit value from a global and
>updates the 10-bit PWM control register with either N or N+1, according to
>the "sub-PWM" algorithm.
>  
>
Hi Johan,
  you spared me compulsing the '8535 data sheet. It looks like it is 
quite feasible and with a minimal
consumption of CPU time, thanks.

>I like Stewart's idea of maximizing the dither frequency by spreading the N+1
>corrections all over the main PWM cycles but I don't know enough math for
>optimizing it. What if the value of the 10 LSBits is 1 for example? It cannot
>be spread out and there will be some some Fpwm/1024 frequency component
>(although very small).
>  
>
The DDA algorithm mentioned by Stewart is what sometimes is used to draw 
lines on a display
with a finite number of pixels. If the line is quite close to be 
horizontal (or vertical), you cannot
avoid some more pronounced jagginess. The example you give, a 1 in the 
10 LSBs, is conceptually
similar to an almost horizontal line. It is a worst case situation and 
it must be accepted as such
(unless Stewart has some more clever suggestions...)

>Assuming 8MHz clock on the '8535 (Yes, I know it :-), main PWM frequency
>is 3910 Hz max in 10-bit mode. Adding a 10-bit sub-PWM brings the lowest
>frequency component down to 3910/1024 = 3.8 Hz. A 3:rd order LPF with
>0.3 Hz cut-off, or so, should be about 60 dB down at 4 Hz and still have a
>reasonably fast response. With more filter poles you should be able to put the
>cutoff "knee" closer to 3.8 Hz and get faster response without sacrificing
>"sub-PWM" ripple rejection. Maybe a Bessel response is preferable to
>avoid overshoot although Bessel has a very "lazy" roll-off compared to
>Butterworth et. al.
>  
>
Good. You analysis shows that what remains as a concern is only the 
noise. Anybody knows of
an op-amp (readily available) better than the OP27, as far as noise is 
concerned ? TNX.

73  Alberto  I2PHD





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Ive just been running some stats for the forthcoming trip to Fiji (appx 
RH91EU) 18 deg 08 mins S 178 deg 20 mins E.

It doesnt look good for July for Western Europe. Avg darkness is from 
0629-1729Z and I dont see any paths - sorry.


I have a small gray line to Eastern Europe (just) around 1841Z, and maybe 
just to CT1 at 0538Z - but these are really pushing it.

North America looks a lot better of course and we just about have a path  to 
Vo1 at 13,000Kms and to Oklahoma at 10,700Kms or so.

East coast US openings are from Fiji darkness around 0630-0750Z

ZL Wellington is 2600Kms away and should be ok -

I dont know if Bob and all in ZL are still picking up Dcf39 but its all but 
dissapeared overnight here in Oklahoma now.

Looking forward to seeing some US, ZL and possibly UA signals!

Cheers

Laurence Kl1X/5

>

_________________________________________________________________
Watch LIVE baseball games on your computer with MLB.TV, included with MSN 
Premium! 
http://join.msn.com/?page=features/mlb&pgmarket=en-us/go/onm00200439ave/direct/01/



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "WE0H" <we0h@genesiswireless.us>
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Date: Thu, 13 May 2004 16:37:44 -0500
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Can anyone tell me the address to David's website? The old address doesn't
work anymore.

Mike
WE0H
WD2XGI







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<HTML><FONT FACE=arial,helvetica><HTML><FONT  SIZE=2 PTSIZE=10 FAMILY="SANSSERIF" FACE="Arial" LANG="0">In a message dated 5/13/04 10:32:46 PM GMT Daylight Time, we0h@genesiswireless.us writes:<BR>
<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE TYPE=CITE style="BORDER-LEFT: #0000ff 2px solid; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px"><BR>
Can anyone tell me the address to David's website? The old address doesn't<BR>
work anymore.<BR>
<BR>
Mike<BR>
WE0H<BR>
WD2XGI<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE><BR>
<BR>
Sorry.<BR>
<BR>
Wanado has taken over my old ISP freeserve and they 'wiped' my account while I was away at 3B9C.<BR>
<BR>
I'm talking to them and also trying to find something more reliable like g0mrf.com or org etc.<BR>
<BR>
If you need something in particular let me know.<BR>
<BR>
73<BR>
<BR>
David&nbsp; G0MRF</FONT></HTML>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "James Moritz" <J.R.Moritz@herts.ac.uk>
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>Good. You analysis shows that what remains as a concern is only the 
>noise. Anybody knows of
>an op-amp (readily available) better than the OP27, as far as noise is 
>concerned ? TNX.

>73  Alberto  I2PHD

Dear Alberto, LF Group,

I think Johan's "PWM-ed PWM" is a better idea, since you should be more or
less guaranteed a monotonic Vout vs. input code transfer function for the
DAC. 

I don't think op-amp noise in the filter will be a major problem - the noise
voltage is proportional to sqrt(bandwidth), and the bandwidth is only a
small fraction of a Hz. The high resistor values needed for the filter and
their associated thermal noise mean that an op-amp with a low input noise
voltage is pointless (1Meg has about 130nV/rootHz)- it is more important to
minimize the input current noise, ie. use a FET input device. The active
filter op-amp driving the EFC will have wide-band noise in its output, but
most of this could be filtered out with a simple RC section (say
1kohm/100uF) between the op-amp and the EFC pin.

In some work on an electrometer circuit I did some years back, I found the
newer types of CMOS op-amp, like the LMC660/LMC662 were cheap and good in
this sort of application. Usually, the noise and drift of the op-amp was
less significant than thermal effects, leakage, vibration, cross-talk from
the other parts of the circuit and all sorts of peculiar effects that plague
DC circuits at the uV level.

Cheers, Jim Moritz
73 de M0BMU


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From: Hartmut Wolff <wolff.h@t-online.de>
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3 signals captured last night:

137776  G3NYK visible 2120z-0500z best around 2200z "O" copied

137777  VO1NA "O" copy of QRSS30 0000z-0130z some deep fadings on the
segments started at 0200z and 0300z.
some partial copies of the 5WPM signal 0045z-0100z

137777,4 WD2XES some traces around 0130z and 0300z

VO1NA, Joe's 5WPM signal is on the QRSS30 screen up to 2,5 Hz broad,
so other weak stations in that range were covered by the signal.

73

 Hartmut Wolff                         mailto:wolff.h@t-online.de
 Locator:JO52HO



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From: "Frederick John Armstrong" <g3jrl@members.v21.co.uk>
To: "lf group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Date: Sat, 15 May 2004 09:01:13 +0100
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" http-equiv=Content-Type>
<META content="MSHTML 5.00.2314.1000" name=GENERATOR>
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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Hello all. I have repaired the 136 kHz transmitter 
and now QRV again. Will be sendind CQs in the hope that someone will be out 
there. Replies and reports would be appreciated.&nbsp; For the moment my 
transmissions will be at random times so taking pot luck hi.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>73 from John, G3JRL..</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><A 
href="mailto:g3jrl@members.v21.co.uk">g3jrl@members.v21.co.uk</A> 
</FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>

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--------------050803080000060203010005--

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Dear Jim,

  thanks for your further considerations. I will have a look at those 
opamps.
And yes, working at the uV level is a bit of challenge.  I wonder if 
reducing the
Hz/V sensitivity of the EFC with a passive attenuator could be a good 
strategy...
after all, I don't need an adjustment range of plus/minus 8 Hz. A tenth 
of this
should be enough...

73  Alberto  I2PHD
----------------------------------

James Moritz wrote:

>Dear Alberto, LF Group,
>
>I think Johan's "PWM-ed PWM" is a better idea, since you should be more or
>less guaranteed a monotonic Vout vs. input code transfer function for the
>DAC. 
>
>I don't think op-amp noise in the filter will be a major problem - the noise
>voltage is proportional to sqrt(bandwidth), and the bandwidth is only a
>small fraction of a Hz. The high resistor values needed for the filter and
>their associated thermal noise mean that an op-amp with a low input noise
>voltage is pointless (1Meg has about 130nV/rootHz)- it is more important to
>minimize the input current noise, ie. use a FET input device. The active
>filter op-amp driving the EFC will have wide-band noise in its output, but
>most of this could be filtered out with a simple RC section (say
>1kohm/100uF) between the op-amp and the EFC pin.
>
>In some work on an electrometer circuit I did some years back, I found the
>newer types of CMOS op-amp, like the LMC660/LMC662 were cheap and good in
>this sort of application. Usually, the noise and drift of the op-amp was
>less significant than thermal effects, leakage, vibration, cross-talk from
>the other parts of the circuit and all sorts of peculiar effects that plague
>DC circuits at the uV level.
>
>Cheers, Jim Moritz
>73 de M0BMU
>
>
>
>.
>
>  
>



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Laurence

>I dont know if Bob and all in ZL are still picking up Dcf39 but its all but
>dissapeared overnight here in Oklahoma now.

DCF39 is still very strong here and audible over our sunrise.

Mike ZL4OL



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Thanks Mike - Our QRN levels in Oklahoma are high but the residual 
absorbtion overnight is now strong. Ive not seem DCF39 since March. Im still 
working on the equipment for Fiji in Late June but all is looking well for a 
reasonable receiving system. Id better check the quartz hill site to see 
when the next lf tests are.

Laurence Kl1X


>From: "McAlevey" <mcalevey@xtra.co.nz>
>Reply-To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
>To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
>Subject: LF: DCF39
>Date: Tue, 18 May 2004 07:24:41 +1200
>
>Laurence
>
> >I dont know if Bob and all in ZL are still picking up Dcf39 but its all 
>but
> >dissapeared overnight here in Oklahoma now.
>
>DCF39 is still very strong here and audible over our sunrise.
>
>Mike ZL4OL
>
>

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Date: Tue, 18 May 2004 18:31:26 +0200
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This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
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Last night I had some partial copies of Joe's 5WPM signal 0140-0200.
The picture shows a callsign segment with QRM from the modulation of
DCF39 during the "V" and the "N". The signal could be detected by
ears.

73

 Hartmut                          mailto:wolff.h@t-online.de
 Locator JO52HO
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--------------090403070009000003000309--

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----- Original Message -----
From: Hartmut Wolff <wolff.h@t-online.de>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Tuesday, May 18, 2004 5:31 PM
Subject: LF: VO1NA in 5WPM


> Last night I had some partial copies of Joe's 5WPM signal 0140-0200.
...

Dear Hartmut, LF group,

Reception of VO1NA here has not been particularly good over the last few
nights - although there were periods of good copy of the QRSS30 signal most
nights between about 0100 and 0330z, the noise levels have been higher, and
the signal levels lower, than they were during the spring. Last night, best
reception was at about 0300, with the 5wpm signal visible as a blur on the
screen, but about 15 - 20dB below an audible level, I estimate.

Cheers, Jim Moritz
73 de M0BMU



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From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
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Hello all,

due to circumstances I'll have less time to work on the transmitter.

Meanwhile I tried several other transformers, as well as some
other things, like disconnecting the Scottky diodes and the 470nF
C's .
Now I have 6R8 from the TC4426 direct to the gates, which
are grounded with 47k resistor.
I tried all kind of things around the FET's with other C's to ground or
with C-R to ground etc.
Some progress has been made, but still difficult.

The ouput filter seems to have a quite large influence on the over all
drain current.
Also the value of the capacitor that grounds the centre tap is important.
In my case I found better results at 330nF.

Several available cores tested, like 3C11 (white) and 3E1 (green) both 36mm.
Also tried an T106-26 from an old computer SMPS.

Wonder what current I should have when applying lower supply voltages
to the FET's.
For example. what currents to others have at 15V or 20V or so.

73, Dick, pa4vhf



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: Rik Strobbe <Rik.Strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
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Hi Dick,

I forgot what design you are using, but I'm a bit surprised of all the 
trouble you got with the output transformer and LPF.
I have built several variations on the G3YXM design 
(http://www.wireless.org.uk/136rig.htm) and it all worked without 
problems. Output transformers were on double-U core salvaged from old 
TV sets and the LPF has "air coils" (would on plastic "plumber tubes").
Only critical thing is the ratio of the output transformer, as the LPF 
is 50 Ohm in/out the transformer has to convert the low impedance at 
the drains to 50 Ohm. If the ratio is too low the FET's draw a lot of 
current and you get little output. 
If you are not sure what the ratio should be it is better to start 
with a far too high ratio (then you will have little output power but 
also little drain current) and gradually decrease the ratio (remove 
windings from the "antenna-side" of the transformer).

73, Rik  ON7YD

Citeren Dick <knaap159@zonnet.nl>:

> Hello all,
> 
> due to circumstances I'll have less time to work on the transmitter.
> 
> Meanwhile I tried several other transformers, as well as some
> other things, like disconnecting the Scottky diodes and the 470nF
> C's .
> Now I have 6R8 from the TC4426 direct to the gates, which
> are grounded with 47k resistor.
> I tried all kind of things around the FET's with other C's to ground
> or
> with C-R to ground etc.
> Some progress has been made, but still difficult.
> 
> The ouput filter seems to have a quite large influence on the over
> all
> drain current.
> Also the value of the capacitor that grounds the centre tap is
> important.
> In my case I found better results at 330nF.
> 
> Several available cores tested, like 3C11 (white) and 3E1 (green)
> both 36mm.
> Also tried an T106-26 from an old computer SMPS.
> 
> Wonder what current I should have when applying lower supply
> voltages
> to the FET's.
> For example. what currents to others have at 15V or 20V or so.
> 
> 73, Dick, pa4vhf
> 
> 
> 





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<HTML><FONT FACE=arial,helvetica><HTML><FONT  SIZE=2 PTSIZE=10 FAMILY="SANSSERIF" FACE="Arial" LANG="0">In a message dated 5/18/04 9:19:13 PM GMT Daylight Time, knaap159@zonnet.nl writes:<BR>
<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE TYPE=CITE style="BORDER-LEFT: #0000ff 2px solid; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px">Wonder what current I should have when applying lower supply voltages<BR>
to the FET's.<BR>
For example. what currents to others have at 15V or 20V or so.<BR>
<BR>
73, Dick, pa4vhf<BR>
<BR>
<BR>
</BLOCKQUOTE><BR>
<BR>
The amplifier follows the standard relationship of output power to supply voltage.<BR>
i.e.&nbsp; Twice the voltage will give four times the output power.<BR>
<BR>
If you are using voltages much lower than 28V then you can increase the secondary turns or decrease the primary winding to compensate.<BR>
<BR>
Removing the diodes will cause a negative voltage pulse on the FET gates as they has now lost their low impedance reference to ground. This may or may not be a problem.<BR>
<BR>
Good luck<BR>
<BR>
David</FONT></HTML>

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Would  be most grateful if anyone could give me any information on
the active aerial for a Decca Yacht Navigator IV (badged Racal but
displaying Philips when switched on).  Brian CT1DRP



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Subject: LF: SXV
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Ed,

my direct emails do not seem to be reaching you. I have done some listening
(looking) for SXV in the last few days but nothing seen. DCF39 continues
very strong. I assume SXV is active and their mark frequency is still
135.870?

Mike ZL4OL



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Date: Thu, 20 May 2004 19:47:13 +0200
From: Christiaan Roselaar <pa3fun@amsat.org>
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Hi All,
Today I completed my loading coil.
Can anyone help me reading my first signal on 136Khz please?
I'm qrv most of the evening.
73's Chris PA3FUN



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From: "Walter Blanchard" <blanch@pncl.co.uk>
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Brian,

Sorry, haven't got the cct for this one but they were all broad-band devices
covering 70-127 kHz so should be OK for 136. Usually they needed 12v up the
coax.

Walter G3JKV.

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Brian Rogerson" <brian@esoterica.pt>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Wednesday, May 19, 2004 8:49 AM
Subject: LF: Off Topic---Decca Navigator Info?


> Would  be most grateful if anyone could give me any information on
> the active aerial for a Decca Yacht Navigator IV (badged Racal but
> displaying Philips when switched on).  Brian CT1DRP
>
>


---

Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com).
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From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Dear Dick, LF Group,

I have been playing around with different output circuit arrangements for my
G0MRF TX board - the simplest configuration which gives good results is like
this:-
-The 470nF capacitor C23 is eliminated completely.
-Inductor L4 is increased in value to 56uH (25 turns of 1mm enamelled wire
on T106-26 iron dust core) The value is not at all critical, provided it is
more than about 20uH and can handle the DC current. High Q is not required.
-Capacitors C22 and C24 are each replaced with a series combination of 4.7nF
+ 5ohms (2x 10ohm, 3W in parallel).
-The PA transformer uses an ex-monitor line output transformer core. The
secondary is 16turns of 1mm enamelled wire close-wound in the middle of the
round leg of the core. The primaries are 2x 4t bifilar wound directly over
the secondary. The wire used for the primaries was home-made "litz",
consisting of 3 groups of 4x 0.3mm enamelled copper wires, with additional
insulation of thin heat-shrink sleeving. I have now tried several ex-monitor
LOPT cores for the output transformer; they all work well.

The rest of the circuit is as shown in the original G0MRF design. The drive
circuit and output filter is unchanged. With this arrangement, and DC input
of about 37V, 12A, about 400W is obtained with efficiency something over
90%. The temperature rise was OK after 30 minutes continuous "key down"
operation. As far as the DC input goes, as with switching mode amplifiers in
general, the DC current is proportional to the DC voltage - in this case,
the amplifier behaves like a 3.1 ohm resistor as far as the PSU is
concerned. The power output varies as the square of the DC supply voltage,
down to very low values.

The waveforms in the circuit are less than ideal in comparison with a
"text-book" current-fed class D amplifier. It is possible to improve
efficiency and reduce harmonics somewhat by changing the PA output network
and by further improvements to the output transformer to reduce leakage
inductance. However the practical difference this makes is probably not very
great, unless you are really striving for perfection.

Cheers, Jim Moritz
73 de M0BMU

----- Original Message -----
From: Dick <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: Tuesday, May 18, 2004 9:06 PM
Subject: LF: output transformer problems


> Hello all,
>
> due to circumstances I'll have less time to work on the transmitter.
>
> Meanwhile I tried several other transformers, as well as some
> other things, like disconnecting the Scottky diodes and the 470nF
> C's .
> Now I have 6R8 from the TC4426 direct to the gates, which
> are grounded with 47k resistor.
> I tried all kind of things around the FET's with other C's to ground or
> with C-R to ground etc.
> Some progress has been made, but still difficult.
>
> The ouput filter seems to have a quite large influence on the over all
> drain current.
> Also the value of the capacitor that grounds the centre tap is important.
> In my case I found better results at 330nF.
>
> Several available cores tested, like 3C11 (white) and 3E1 (green) both
36mm.
> Also tried an T106-26 from an old computer SMPS.
>
> Wonder what current I should have when applying lower supply voltages
> to the FET's.
> For example. what currents to others have at 15V or 20V or so.
>
> 73, Dick, pa4vhf
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Many thanks Walter.  The aerial socket measures 5v.  Were they ferrite or 
e-field,
this one has a suspicious looking threaded spigot at the top?  73, Brian CT1DRP




At 19:28 20/05/2004, you wrote:
>Brian,
>
>Sorry, haven't got the cct for this one but they were all broad-band devices
>covering 70-127 kHz so should be OK for 136. Usually they needed 12v up the
>coax.
>
>Walter G3JKV.
>
>----- Original Message -----
>From: "Brian Rogerson" <brian@esoterica.pt>
>To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
>Sent: Wednesday, May 19, 2004 8:49 AM
>Subject: LF: Off Topic---Decca Navigator Info?
>
>
> > Would  be most grateful if anyone could give me any information on
> > the active aerial for a Decca Yacht Navigator IV (badged Racal but
> > displaying Philips when switched on).  Brian CT1DRP
> >
> >
>
>
>---
>
>Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com).
>Version: 6.0.676 / Virus Database: 438 - Release Date: 03/05/04




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From: captbrian <captbrian@ukonline.co.uk>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
References: <5.2.0.9.2.20040519074411.01fa5ab8@pop.vianw.pt> <000401c43ea0$a6d54260$2201a8c0@k7t>
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Subject: Re: LF: Loran antennas
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In florida keys,reception  defeated by noise from power-lines on docked sail-
boat but staring at the base-loading coils used with 8 foot whips for Loran . 
Most boats throwing these antennas away since GPS. Anyone confirm Loran 
frequency. Hence the Inductance of these now two-a-penny devices?

Bryan on his hols G3GVB/Ac4UA 

Quoting Walter Blanchard <blanch@pncl.co.uk>:

> Brian,
> 
> Sorry, haven't got the cct for this one but they were all broad-band devices
> covering 70-127 kHz so should be OK for 136. Usually they needed 12v up the
> coax.
> 
> Walter G3JKV.
> 
> ----- Original Message ----- 
> From: "Brian Rogerson" <brian@esoterica.pt>
> To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
> Sent: Wednesday, May 19, 2004 8:49 AM
> Subject: LF: Off Topic---Decca Navigator Info?
> 
> 
> > Would  be most grateful if anyone could give me any information on
> > the active aerial for a Decca Yacht Navigator IV (badged Racal but
> > displaying Philips when switched on).  Brian CT1DRP
> >
> >
> 
> 
> ---
> 
> Checked by AVG anti-virus system (http://www.grisoft.com).
> Version: 6.0.676 / Virus Database: 438 - Release Date: 03/05/04
> 
> 
> 


-- 


----------------------------------------------
This mail sent through http://www.ukonline.net


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "James Moritz" <J.R.Moritz@herts.ac.uk>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Date: Fri, 21 May 2004 17:56:28 +0100
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Dear Chris, LF Group,

Didn't see your message until too late last night - but will hopefully
transmit some beacon sigs from about 1900utc tonight on about 137.5kHz.
Probably QRSS3 with CW identifier - maybe some PSK31 too, if I get round to
it.

Cheers, Jim Moritz
73 de M0BMU

-----Original Message-----
From: owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
[mailto:owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org] On Behalf Of Christiaan Roselaar
Sent: 20 May 2004 18:47
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: looking for first signals ...

Hi All,
Today I completed my loading coil.
Can anyone help me reading my first signal on 136Khz please?
I'm qrv most of the evening.
73's Chris PA3FUN





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100kHz

73
John Rabson G3PAI

----- Original Message ----- 
From: "captbrian" <captbrian@ukonline.co.uk>

> Most boats throwing these antennas away since GPS. Anyone confirm Loran 
> frequency. Hence the Inductance of these now two-a-penny devices?



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James Moritz schrieb:
 - maybe some PSK31 too, if I get round to
> it.
>
> Cheers, Jim Moritz
> 73 de M0BMU
Hi Jim,

your PSK signs are audible in jo43sv. but qrn makes them almost unreadable.
see attachment.

btw. what type of transmitter do you use for the PSK mode?

Uwe/dj8wx
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References: <003201c43d13$c22fc500$2102000a@ibm> <000f01c43ec9$9c9251c0$2e868751@rogersservices>
Date: Sat, 22 May 2004 13:13:25 +1200
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Subject: LF: ZL6QH/ZM2E on 26 June
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Hi all,

We have changed the booking for the next Quartz Hill LF activity night, from
Saturday 19 June to Saturday 26 June.  We are developing a mixed programme
involving:
- DFCW120 beaconing most of the time
- trying for a two way SSB contact with VK7
- trying for a LF/HF crossband contact with 3D2.
Details of the schedule will be posted nearer the time.

73, Bob ZL2CA




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From: "James Moritz" <james.moritz@btopenworld.com>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
References: <DC9AE469E761D611BD420002A5EC855C7726F7@cerberus.herts.ac.uk> <1BRHm7-0fUSWm0@fwd01.sul.t-online.com>
Date: Sat, 22 May 2004 09:57:53 +0100
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> Hi Jim,
>
> your PSK signs are audible in jo43sv. but qrn makes them almost
unreadable.
> see attachment.
>
> btw. what type of transmitter do you use for the PSK mode?
>
> Uwe/dj8wx
Dear Uwe, LF Group,

Thanks for the report - I transmitted CW/QRSS3 from 1900 - 2100 and 2200 -
2300, and PSK31 from 2100 - 2200. As you observed, the drawback of PSK31 on
LF is that every QRN impulse gives you a 50-50 chance of corrupting a bit,
and so losing the character. A mode using error correction works better -
like VE2IQ's "Coherent" program for example.

The TX in use here is the usual class D Decca PA - to get a clean signal, I
use an "envelope elimination and restoration" scheme, where the 136kHz drive
to the PA is phase modulated, and amplitude modulation is applied to the DC
feed to the PA. The phase keying signal is generated by the "Digimode
terminal" in DL4YHF's Spectrum Lab software, and the envelope waveform is
generated from the phase signal by external hardware.

Cheers, Jim Moritz

73 de M0BMU






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From: "Frederick John Armstrong" <g3jrl@members.v21.co.uk>
To: "lf group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Date: Sun, 23 May 2004 19:48:47 +0100
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Subject: LF: CQs on 136
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1" http-equiv=Content-Type>
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<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Hello again folks.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>I have been sending copious cqs during the week and 
especially today, Sunday, morning. No reports of being heard so I wonder did 
anyone out there hear my signals I wonder?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>I have made improvements to my antenna since I had 
contacts with Jim M0BMU and Tom, G3OLB last weekend and thanks to you both for 
the encouraging reports.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Since then I have put a second wire on the 
horizontal part to increase the capacitance ans it made quite a difference to 
the loading coil turns to achieve resonance with an increase in antenna 
current.&nbsp; I have also increased the height of the top wires to 50 ft so I 
did think I would be getting somewhere. Maybe you were all outside enjoyong the 
sun and who could blame you?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Will be continuing with the calls as and when I can 
so if you hear me would you please report to me? </FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Thanks and 73 from John, G3JRL, 
Weymouth.</FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "John Rabson" <word.factory@zetnet.co.uk>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Date: Mon, 24 May 2004 16:06:19 +0100
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Subject: LF: GBR SK - long live GBR/M
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Pages 50-52 of The Journal of the Communications Network for
October-December 2003 has an article on "Realising a Quarter Wavelength
Vertical Monopole at Low Frequencies - by Balloon". It describes a
vehicle-mounted system with a helium-filled balloon capable of supporting a
1500m vertical. Operation on the move is not expected.

73
John Rabson G3PAI



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K3DJC


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From: "Miguel A. Vallejo" <ea4eoz@ure.es>
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PONG! from EA4EOZ :-)


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From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
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Date: Tue, 25 May 2004 21:00:09 +0200
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Subject: LF: G0MRF-TX-ouput circuit troubles
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Hello all,

Last weeks I spend a lot of time rewindg transformers,
changing the circuit time after time, and even changing the FET's.

All in all I have little progess sofar..............

Maybe there is an error in the schematic, from which I do not know.

The output transformer and some of the surrounding components seem
to play a key role in the results obtained.

I tried the tip Jim, M0BMU gave, with 2x4t bifilair (made of 3x4x0.3mm wire)
as primaire coil, and 16 turns secundair.
This coil didn't gave the results I expected.
I found an primairy inductance of 150uH , between the two outher wires and
37uH between the centre tap and each outher wire.
The secundairry inductance around 600uH.

The best results I obtained with an 36mm green 3E1 core.
Primairy 2 times 8 turns bifilair, inductance 900uH
Secundairy wound on top of it 15 turns, inductance 814uH.
(I don't think this core can withstand 400Watt...... Ui=4000 about
 twice as much as from a 3C90 core)

It seems that an almost 1:1 transformer gives the best results.

When measuring/compairing both transformers with an impedance bridge/noise
source
I found in both cases a strong 50Ohm dip in the 8-11MHz region, however
the M0BMU transformer wound on an ex-monitor core gave also another
dip of about 500Ohm around 1400kHz.

I am testing with a variable supply voltage to the FET's, and I think for
50V/10A
I should find somewhere around 4A at 20V.........

Maybe somebody has something to say about this......

73 Dick, pa4vhf




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Subject: Re: LF: G0MRF-TX-ouput circuit troubles
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<META content="MSHTML 6.00.2800.1106" name=GENERATOR></HEAD>
<BODY id=role_body style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial" 
bottomMargin=7 leftMargin=7 topMargin=7 rightMargin=7><FONT id=role_document 
face=Arial color=#000000 size=2>
<DIV>
<DIV>In a message dated 25/05/2004 22:01:42 Central Europe Standard Time, 
knaap159@zonnet.nl writes:</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE 
style="PADDING-LEFT: 5px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; BORDER-LEFT: blue 2px solid"><FONT 
  style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: transparent" face=Arial color=#000000 
  size=2><BR>Maybe somebody has something to say about 
this......<BR><BR></FONT></BLOCKQUOTE></DIV>
<DIV></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>I think you're spending too much time measuring things at frequencies that 
are not LF. It's a great analysis of the detail, but I can't help thinking you 
are overlooking an obvious fault. </DIV>
<DIV>BTW.&nbsp; What is the output power? The supply Voltage? and the 
efficiency?</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>Just concentrate on the basics. The circuit works, but if you start 
removing diodes adding resistors etc, then there's not much anyone can do to 
help as you are now developing your own circuit and not trying to duplicate 
mine.</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>Build the circuit as close to the original as you can.</DIV>
<DIV>Check you have the correct waveforms at the gates. (keep wire lengths 
short. This maybe 136kHz, but the waveform rise and fall time neeed to be fast. 
Around the HEF4013, FET driver and FETs, the construction should be consistent 
with good VHF practice&nbsp;)&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>Measure the 136kHz output power, the supply voltage and calculate 
efficiency.</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>Then you'll have a benchmark of performance. If you have less than 200W 
output from a 36V supply or an efficiency less than 60% then you have a fault in 
a component or in the construction that you need to find.</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>After you have a reasonable benchmark, change one thing at a time and 
compare. If you have an improvement, leave it in circuit. If you don't, then put 
it back as before and try something else. Jim's work on the transformer is 
excellent and I'm now comparing my original transformer with a version of Jim's 
built on a 3C90 42mm core as supplied in the kit.</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>I've built versions of this circuit from 400W at 73k to 700W (4 FETs) at 
136kHz. There's even a version running in the Medium waveband around 
1200kHz.</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>Good luck</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>David&nbsp;&nbsp; G0MRF</DIV></FONT></BODY></HTML>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "James Moritz" <J.R.Moritz@herts.ac.uk>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
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Subject: LF: RE: G0MRF-TX-ouput circuit troubles
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Dear Dick, LF Group,


>Maybe there is an error in the schematic, from which I do not know.

I am not aware of one...

>The output transformer and some of the surrounding components seem
>to play a key role in the results obtained.

Certainly true...

>I tried the tip Jim, M0BMU gave, with 2x4t bifilair (made of 3x4x0.3mm
>wire)
>as primaire coil, and 16 turns secundair.
>This coil didn't gave the results I expected.
>I found an primairy inductance of 150uH , between the two outher wires and
>37uH between the centre tap and each outher wire.
>The secundairry inductance around 600uH.

These values are almost identical to what I got for my transformer, and are
quite sensible for this circuit.

But note that, if you use this transformer, it is absolutely essential to do
the other circuit mods I mentioned at the same time (i.e., eliminate C23,
increase choke value, replace 10n drain capacitors with series RC),
otherwise things will be made worse rather than better.

Examining the waveforms with an oscilloscope will reveal whether things are
working properly or not. The gate drive waveform should be a slightly
rounded-off square wave about 12v pk-pk, while the drain voltage should be a
sort of half-wave rectified sine wave with peak amplitude roughly 3 times
the DC supply voltage (although it will also contain some switching spikes,
and if using the original 'MRF output filter, you actually get a bit more
than half a sine wave cycle). If you have a current probe (or make a
suitable current transformer), the source current should be approximately a
square wave (probably with some ringing at the leading edge), with an
amplitude equal to the DC input current. The waveforms for both MOSFETs
should be identical, but 180degrees out of phase of course. The voltage at
the transformer secondary will be roughly sinusoidal, with peak amplitude
close to 4 times the drain waveform amplitude.

In the original circuit, I found the waveforms had multiple peaks for each
cycle of the input drive signal, due to resonances at higher frequencies
involving the transformer leakage inductance, the MOSFET capacitance and the
other capacitors in the circuit. The amplitudes of these higher frequencies
were larger than the 137kHz signal. The filter prevents most of these
harmonics reaching the load, so there was still substantial 137kHz output,
but the higher frequency signal components circulating in the PA led to
greatly increased losses and reduced efficiency.

Cheers, Jim Moritz
73 de M0BMU


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Scott Tilley, VE7TIL" <sthed475@telus.net>
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David

I have been examiming your drive cct from the FET driver to the gate of the 
FETs.  In this cct you have a cap., a diode with the anode to common this node 
connects to a 10ohm resistor in series with the gate that has the gate side 
tacked to common via a 4.7k resistor.  Am I correct in assuming that the 
purpose of the cap is to prevent DC voltages from getting to the gates of the 
FETs in the case of an exciter failure?  Is the 4.7K just there to keep undue 
charge off the gate capacitance? Also, what is the design intent of the 'fast' 
diode you have installed.  I am also curious as to what the waveform will look 
like out of this driver circuit.  Is it a 12V p-p from common to 12V or is it 
something else.

Thanks for any insight you can offer.

Regards,

Scott, VE7TIL
 


Quoting G0MRF@aol.com:

> In a message dated 25/05/2004 22:01:42 Central Europe Standard Time,  
> knaap159@zonnet.nl writes:
> 
> 
> Maybe somebody has something to say about  this......
> 
> 
> I think you're spending too much time measuring things at frequencies that 
> 
> are not LF. It's a great analysis of the detail, but I can't help thinking
> you  
> are overlooking an obvious fault. 
> BTW.  What is the output power? The supply Voltage? and the  efficiency?
> Just concentrate on the basics. The circuit works, but if you start  removing
> 
> diodes adding resistors etc, then there's not much anyone can do to  help as
> 
> you are now developing your own circuit and not trying to duplicate  mine.
> Build the circuit as close to the original as you can.
> Check you have the correct waveforms at the gates. (keep wire lengths  short.
> 
> This maybe 136kHz, but the waveform rise and fall time neeed to be fast.  
> Around the HEF4013, FET driver and FETs, the construction should be
> consistent  
> with good VHF practice ) 
> Measure the 136kHz output power, the supply voltage and calculate 
> efficiency.
> Then you'll have a benchmark of performance. If you have less than 200W  
> output from a 36V supply or an efficiency less than 60% then you have a fault
> in  
> a component or in the construction that you need to find.
> After you have a reasonable benchmark, change one thing at a time and  
> compare. If you have an improvement, leave it in circuit. If you don't, then
> put  it 
> back as before and try something else. Jim's work on the transformer is  
> excellent and I'm now comparing my original transformer with a version of
> Jim's  
> built on a 3C90 42mm core as supplied in the kit.
> I've built versions of this circuit from 400W at 73k to 700W (4 FETs) at  
> 136kHz. There's even a version running in the Medium waveband around 
> 1200kHz.
> Good luck
> David   G0MRF
> 





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Subject: LF: good news: it finally works!!!!!
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Well tonight I finally managed to get the G0MRF transmitter running fine!!!
Great to get this far after all the frustrating weeks of experimenting
etc.........

I took apart another monitor HV-transformer and used this core.

I am not sure what caused the problem, but maybe it was because I used
an core with no air gap at all.
The new core has 2 very thin air gaps, because of the glue I used.
This gives lowe inductance, but anyway it works, and thats what counts.

Tests has been done at 20V drainvoltage only, and results are very
very promising, with efficiency over 90%!! (DCinput vs. RF output)
System behaves like an 6.2 Ohm resistor, which will give around 8A
drain current at 50V.
Next step will be trying to get the SWR protection circuit running, and
after that I'll go for 'power' tests on 50V.

I would like to thank everybody for their contributions, like answering my
questions and giving tips etc.

73! Dick, pa4vhf



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Hi

I put some info about selecting ferrite cores on http://www.noding.com/la8ak/12345/n12.htm
It should apply for any transmitter
LA7MI wrote the notes because he felt that the info was not available, and all including Helge Granberg used too much math to describe how to search for the proper ferrite material

73
Jan-Martin
LA8AK


---
J M Nøding, Datakvalitet, TTS, Kristiansand



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Subject: LF: RE: Strange signal at 22,470 KHz
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Looks interesting.  Can you generate a .WAV file next time you hear it - then 
we can try analysing it.

Andy  G4JNT


-----Original Message-----
From:	PY3CRX PY2PLL [SMTP:py2pll@py.qsl.br]
Sent:	2004/05/27 00:17
To:	VLF_Group@yahoogroups.com
Subject:	LF: Strange signal at 22,470 KHz

 << File: ATT00000.txt; charset = Windows-1252 >> 


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Hi Andy ...

Yes, I can ... was very noisy anyway but I spent too much time setting
Spectran to enhance the effect on screen and forgot record a sample audio
file :o(

73
Marcus, PY3CRX/PY2PLL
GG66rf
http://py.qsl.br
Active from "DC" to 24GHz


----- Original Message ----- 
From: "Andy" <actalbot@southsurf.com>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: 27 May, 2004 05:37
Subject: LF: RE: Strange signal at 22,470 KHz


> Looks interesting.  Can you generate a .WAV file next time you hear it -
then
> we can try analysing it.
>
> Andy  G4JNT
>
>
> -----Original Message-----
> From: PY3CRX PY2PLL [SMTP:py2pll@py.qsl.br]
> Sent: 2004/05/27 00:17
> To: VLF_Group@yahoogroups.com
> Subject: LF: Strange signal at 22,470 KHz
>
>  << File: ATT00000.txt; charset = Windows-1252 >>
>
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Subject: LF: 21.1KHz = two more files ...
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Hi there ...

Yesterday night (03:00 UTC more or less) some new signals on 21.1. There´s
two files, one of them is the 3rd audio sample of the morse transmition (may
26th) at http://py.qsl.br/fskmorse3.mp3 .

The second one (http://py.qsl.br/21_1K0001.jpg) is the Spectran snapshot of
another ongoing test at this frequency. There is 5 carriers, the 3rd one at
21.1KHz (700Hz). Too much man made noise yesterday but it´s clear the signal
at 700Hz (21.1KHz), signal above is 21.4KHz and below is 20.9KHz.

Some moments after this "burst", started an 83Hz shift FSK (???) emission
...


73
Marcus, PY3CRX/PY2PLL
GG66rf
http://py.qsl.br
Active from "DC" to 24GHz



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Subject: LF: Audio Amp IC's on 136kHz.
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=US-ASCII">
<META content="MSHTML 6.00.2800.1106" name=GENERATOR></HEAD>
<BODY id=role_body style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: #000000; FONT-FAMILY: Arial" 
bottomMargin=7 leftMargin=7 topMargin=7 rightMargin=7><FONT id=role_document 
face=Arial color=#000000 size=2>
<DIV>It's been a few years since I looked at Audio Amp IC's on the LF bands, but 
I'm now trying to find one that works to some degree at 136kHz.</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>I need to find an audio IC capable of about 15 Watts as a minimum.</DIV>
<DIV>It's for use with a standalone PIC based PSK transmitter that uses the 
G3PLX Varicode, I just thought that a good IC would minimise the component 
count.</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>Regards</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>David&nbsp;&nbsp; G0MRF</DIV></FONT></BODY></HTML>

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From: "Dick" <knaap159@zonnet.nl>
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Date: Sun, 30 May 2004 09:26:57 +0200
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Subject: LF: G0MRF-TX SWR protection circuit
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Hello all,

With the transmitter working well now, I need to check the protection
systems.
Current protection works good and turned out to be very fast.

I have some troubles in adjusting the SWR protection circuit.
With no load after the filter, so when antenna is not connected for example,
the drain-current is very low, and so the output.
Anyway, I found it difficult to adjust the SWR-circuit as the variable
resistors
seems to effect each other.
I wonder if anyone has tips about this.

Long duration high power tests will be done later....
Running two IRFP260N FET's, which much must be
capable of handling 11A current easy.......
Although not recommended I will try and see what happens with 550W
input......
In worst case I have to replace them......

73
Dick, pa4vhf




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From: "Johan Bodin" <jbodin@tele2.se>
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Subject: LF: Re: Audio Amp IC's on 136kHz.
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Hi David,

A switching amplifier with modulated supply should also be able to do the trick.
At 15 watts, a single transistor class E amplifier comes to my mind.
For example, the modulation can be made by an op-amp and a darlington transistor.
If efficiency is an issue, PWM modulation is more elegant but away goes the
simplicity...

Clint Turner KA7OEI has some nice information on a PIC based PSK-31
beacon TX that uses a class E PA with a linear modulator:

http://www.ussc.com/~turner/


73
Johan SM6LKM


> It's been a few years since I looked at Audio Amp IC's on the LF bands, but  
> I'm now trying to find one that works to some degree at 136kHz.
> I need to find an audio IC capable of about 15 Watts as a minimum.
> It's for use with a standalone PIC based PSK transmitter that uses the  G3PLX 
> Varicode, I just thought that a good IC would minimise the component  count.
> Regards
> David   G0MRF



