From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sun, 01 Aug 1999 01:17:03 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF:QRS beacon 137.192
References: <000c01bedb78$a83a3ce0$84eb869f@beachwood.tinet.ie>
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Dear Finbar,

> Finbar O'Connor wrote:
> 
>                            QRS  BEACON TEST  ON 137.192
> KHZ   CRYSTAL CONTROLLED.
> I have put a qrs beacon on 137.192 khz  this afternoon,

2300z : Loud and clear! Despite of QRN parts are audible.
Strong QSB.

Dot length approx. 3 sec. with unusual gaps between
characters.

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Message-ID: <37A38466.65A1B80@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Date: Sun, 01 Aug 1999 01:19:02 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: First LF QSO OE - DL
References: <m11AcZp-0003RDC@fwd03.btx.dtag.de>
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Dear Ha-Jo,

Hans-Joachim Brandt wrote:
 
> As I am living close to the OE5 border radio contact could be established
> immediately, it was the first qso of OE5ODL, I got RST 449 and easily could give
> RST 569 in spite of rather high afternoon QRN. OE5ODL was located at Ried,
> (JN68RF) on the road from Braunau to Wels, and the station had been erected in
> connection with a fieldday which is held regularly at about this time of the
> year. The distance to my QTH (JN68GN), as measured on a map, was about 78 km.

Congrats! Nothing observed here...

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Message-ID: <37A388F8.874E906A@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Date: Sun, 01 Aug 1999 01:38:32 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: Re: Complete Scan...
References: <000c01bedb72$6c8a24e0$0600a8c0@prstesv1.prestel.co.uk>
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Dear Dave,

Dave wrote:
 
> I think it would make a good pattern for a shirt...

Thank you, but due to the size it would show a better fit on
trousers...

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "M. Sanders" <misan@xs4all.nl>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: RE: re:QRS beacon 137.192
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 1999 07:40:06 +0200
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Dear Finbar,

Your signals have been identified on spectogram at 0530utc. I am not 100%
shure but almost every day this week around the same time i observed a
slowly drifting signal around 136.2 and it is not there today so this is
most likely to be your signal. I will monitor your signal until it fades or
until you stop transmitting and will report later via the reflector.

Best 73's and good luck on LF,

Michael Sanders, PA3BSH
mailto:pa3bsh@amsat.org



-----Oorspronkelijk bericht-----
Van: majordom@post.thorcom.com [mailto:majordom@post.thorcom.com]namens
Finbar O'Connor
Verzonden: zaterdag 31 juli 1999 19:17
Aan: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Onderwerp: LF: re:QRS beacon 137.192


                           QRS  BEACON TEST  ON 137.192 KHZ   CRYSTAL
CONTROLLED.
I have put a qrs beacon on 137.192 khz  this afternoon, using a crystal I
found in the junk box , for 8777 khz/64  to give
on air frequency of 137.192 khz. Running  3 amps. Hope this will make up for
the drifting signal  when I had the beacon running during the week. I have
modified my memory keyer with a few resistors to slow down the  repeating
EI0CF callsign, but I am not sure if I have got the timing right.
best regards
Finbar     EI0CF.
p.s.  I will leave it running until  Sunday lunchtime ,ie  about  1300 utc.



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Graham Phillips" <g3xtz@rgcomms.demon.co.uk>
To: "RSGB L.F. Group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: DF2PY
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 1999 08:13:38 +0100
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Hi all,

I managed a 100 % QSO with Wolf, DF2PY this morning, even exchanging the WX
!  Previously he has only been able to copy anything of me  with great
difficulty, so has improved his RX set-up considerably. Stations that have
given-up calling him should take heart, and try again !

73 de G3XTZ.

Graham B. Phillips - G3XTZ.
g3xtz@rgcomms.demon.co.uk



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Cc: DK7UY@geocities.com
Subject: LF: Sunday am
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hello Lowfers !
Sunday morning gave another nice fast-cw qso with Graham G3XTZ peaking to 559 
here in the Frankfurt area.And a first fast-cw qso with Geri- dk8kw -whatever he 
did,it sure improved his signal way beyond noiselevel.Have to qrt now to help 
df8pj to get on LF.
BTW Dave, i liked Your   "more power ,Igor ! "-comment,sounds like two Russians 
operating a nuclear power pile- hi. 
good dx and a nice sunday to everyone on LF !  de wolf



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Andreas Tschammer" <webmaster@datelsoft.de>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Re: QRS beacon 137.192
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 1999 11:48:59 +0300
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This is a multi-part message in MIME format.
--------------010507070608050008020002
Content-Type: text/html; charset=windows-1252
Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit

<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN">
<HTML><HEAD>
<META content="text/html; charset=windows-1252" http-equiv=Content-Type><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//EN">
<META content="MSHTML 5.00.2314.1000" name=GENERATOR></HEAD>
<BODY bgColor=#ffffff>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Hi Finbar an the group,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>today (01. Aug. 99 / 0830UTC) I received EI0CF on 
137.192 KHz. The noise-level was very low this morning.<BR>&nbsp;<BR>my 
Rig:</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>KWZ 30 DSP-Receiver, BW = 50 Hz, noise-floor: -139 
dBm (BW=50Hz)</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>Gram 5.08, 5500Hz, 16bit, mono, 60dB-scale, time 
scale 500ms,<BR>16384-FFT, 10x average,--- S/N: +15 dB</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><BR>Ant: GPA50 (Fritzel, abt 4m long) on top of the 
bungalow-roof, with&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
the cable-capacity compensated by a 500 yH-series-choke.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>noise-level (60s average in 50 Hz BW): -130 
dBm</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>just for comparison DCF39: -65 dBm </FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2>The attached JPG (8kb) shows what the signal from 
Finbar looked like with the above GRAM-parameters.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><BR>73 <BR>Andreas in Rheinbach near Bonn, 
JO30LO<BR>DL2KCL </FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>

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Date: Sun, 1 Aug 1999 07:41:27 -0400
From: "'Geri' Kinzel, DK8KW" <DK8KW@compuserve.com>
Subject: LF: Weekend report 31.7.99/01.08.99
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Hello, frinds of the long wave,

wow! What a weekend!

For me surely the most active and most succesful weekend since I started LF
operation.

Hopefully I am not the new crocodile in town now. I called cq and was
called by stations that heard me much better than I heard them. I even was
called by stations that heard me but that I could not hear. So, this leaves
some room for improvement.


Slow-CW:

Finally I managed to get Bernd,DF8ZR in the log on Friday night. Saw "the
usual suspects" calling cq or calling each other (DF3LP, DJ5BV, G3XDV,
clearly detectable by his typical signal coming up from the cellar
stabilizing 2nd floor after a few dashes, Mike, your signal was very good
on Sunday morning!)


Normal CW:

Well, this was the most successful operation mode for me this weekend.


Saturday, July 31, 1999

worked ON7YD (-105 dB, equivalent to S5 (S9=100 uV)
worked DJ2LF (signal only 1 dB above noise floor, so only 329, very weak
but we managed somehow)
workedPA0LEG (forgot to measure his signal strength, gave 449)
worked PA0SE (finally managed to have a QSO with Dick, -97 dB)
heard DL3FDO (but was not able to raise his attention)


Sunday, August 1, 1999

worked G3XTZ (-104 dB, thank you for you patience, Grahame, and thanks for
the 349)
worked DF2PY (-86 dB!, finally Wolf was able to hear me above the noise
level, what have you done to improve your reception, Wolf?)


Reception reports: 

I received some reception reports, one from Steve, GW4ALG, who heard my
normal CW QSO with DJ2LF yesterday (880 km away!), and by Ha-Jo, DJ1ZB, who
heard the same QSO. He tried to call me, but I was not able to copy him
(congrats btw, Ha-Jo on the first DL/OE QSO, I heard nothing from the
OE5-dxpedition). Also Dave, G3YXM reported that he heard my CW signal.

I also was not able to copy EI0CF's bacon on 137.192, I saw a weak signal
right in between two LORAN-lones, but I was not able to positively identify
his callsign. 


What have I done to improve my signal?

So, what have I done to improve my signal? Well, basically I switched from
a low-hanging Marconi T-antenna (8 to 12m high, antenna partly hanging in
trees) to a free-standing umbrella antenna, 15m high, with four top-load
radials. Two of the radials are still too long, following the advise of
DF3LP and DJ1ZB (thanks) I already shortened two, which brought up the
signal by 3 or 4 dB (according to Peter, DF3LP). I will work on the other
top-load radials soon. When the top-load radials come close to leaves or
trees, I have the same burning and flashing effect that was described bhy
others earlier this week. 

The fibre-glas mast is a telescopic mast made by Van der Ley, maximum
height is 18m (so far I only dare to lift it up to 15m), bottom diameter is
about 60mm, top section 20mm. It takes less than 15 seconds to lower it and
push it up again (very conveneint for experiments). The antenna consists of
a 1.5 mm^2 Litz wire, strapped to the mast. The top-load radials consist of
two parallel litz wires, 1mm diameter each, 2mm seperated (there is no
particular reason for that, I just had enogh of that twin-wire available).
All in all it is still a relatively simple setup and qualifies for a
"backyard-setup", although my garden is slightly larger (30m x 40m). 

A sketch of my antenna setup can be found on my homepage
(http://www.dk8kw.home.pages.de), follow the link "Details of my station".


Best 73, thanks to those who called and work me, and those who called me in
vain: hope to hear or work you next!


Geri, DK8KW (W1KW)
  

 






From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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References: <m11AcZp-0003RDC@fwd03.btx.dtag.de> <37A38466.65A1B80@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Subject: Re:  LF: First LF QSO OE - DL
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From: "Hans-Joachim Brandt" <hajo.brandt.dj1zb@t-online.de>
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Lbr Peter,

danke fuer die congrats. Nachdem die Botschaft von OE5EEP per QSP hier auf dem 
Server erschien, war ich natuerlich vorbereitet. Leider sind die OEs erst am 
Nachmittag aufs Band gekommen, als das QRN schon merklich hoch war. Nach mir 
haben die auch noch DL1SAN hoeren und arbeiten koennen, habe ich heute morgen von 
ihm erfahren. Sie gaben ihm 419. War wenigstens gut, dass der Operateur ein 
QRP-Mann und leise Signale gewohnt war. Was denen jetzt sicher fehlt, ist ein 
QTH, wo man eine Antenne bleibend aufbauen kann.

Gestern habe ich noch einmal mit dem isolierten Radialnetz auf LF gearbeitet und 
am vormittag damit auch HB9ASB erreicht, wie ueblich. Aber nach dem QSO mit 
OE5ODL wollte meine Frau anfangen zu maehen, und da habe ich es abgebaut.

Inzwischen habe ich auch gesehen, dass ich meinen Anschluss fuer die Erde nicht 
unbedingt durchs Kellerfenster zum Hauserder fuehren muss. Ich kann ebensogut an 
den Aussenwasserhahn gehen; die Leitung ist dann zwar etwas laenger, aber die 
lange Welle merkt es noch nicht. Es erweist sich doch als sehr positiv, dass 
dieses 1948 gebaute Haus vor wenigen Jahren auch in der elektrischen Verdrahtung 
grundueberholt worden ist, einen schoenen Hauserder hat, an den auch die Wasser- 
und Heizungsrohre gelegt sind.

Diese Vergleiche im QSO-Fahren zwischen Hauserder und isoliertem Radialnetz 
waren fuer mich wichtig. Wenn man also einen niedrigen Erdwiderstand mit der 
Bruecke misst, dann gilt der offensichtlich fuer die Guete der Abstrahlung, 
unabhaengig davon, was fuer eine Erde das war.

Wenn DF2PY mal geaeussert hat, durch das Auslegen von chickenwire sei bei ihm zwar 
nicht der Antennenstrom angestiegen, aber ein Feldstaerkemessgeraet haette mehr 
angezeigt, dann heisst das sicher nur, dass die Strahlungskeule von der Antenne 
her noch flacher verlaeuft. Es ist aber die Frage, ob wir das brauchen. Oder die 
Ankopplung an den Feldstaerkemesser ist einfach besser geworden.

Heute hat DF2PY immerhin den DK8KW in normaler CW gehoert und gearbeitet.
DK8KW kann ich jetzt auch ganz leise in normaler CW hoeren.

Jedenfalls moechte ich meinen, wenn ihr mal euren Langwellen-Fieldday 
veranstalten wollt, dann braucht ihr nicht die ganze Gegend dort aufzugraben. 
Dann koennt ihr im Minimum ca 20 isolierte Litzendraehte auf den Boden legen und 
die so lang machen, wie Platz und Geld reichen. Einen Erdspiess einfacher Art 
sollte man aber wohl vorsehen, einmal, um (vielleicht ueber 1-5 kOhm) das 
isolierte Radialnetz zu erden, zum anderen, um eine Sicherheitsfunkenstrecke von 
der Antenne her dorthin zu verbinden. Erste Erfahrungen mit solchen 
Antennenspannungen habt ihr ja schon.

Ich werde demnaechst meine ersten verzinkten Eisendraehte flach in den Rasen 
einbetten und mit denen mal messen, so lange es draussen noch nicht zu kalt ist. 
Vielleicht kann ich meinen Hauserder noch etwas verbessern; auf jeden Fall lerne 
ich sicher noch dazu.     

Leider beginnt im August wieder meine "Reisezeit" und ist besonders im September 
sehr intensiv. Am Abend des 16.9. werde ich 21.10 Uhr mit dem Flugzeug in Kiel 
ankommen (von Nizza ueber Frankfurt/Main), dort uebernachten und am naechsten 
Mittag vom Oslokai aus mit der DARC-Delegation per Faehre nach Lillehammer 
mitfahren. Hoffe, dass diesen Faehren jetzt so schnell nichts mehr passiert. Nach 
dem Gesetz der Wahrscheinlichkeit muesste das so sein, wo beide kurz nacheinander 
ihren Unfall hatten.

Weiter alles Gute.

73 Ha-Jo, DJ1ZB

Peter W. Schnoor schrieb:
> Dear Ha-Jo,
>
> Hans-Joachim Brandt wrote:
>  
> > As I am living close to the OE5 border radio contact could be established
> > immediately, it was the first qso of OE5ODL, I got RST 449 and easily could
>  give
> > RST 569 in spite of rather high afternoon QRN. OE5ODL was located at Ried,
> > (JN68RF) on the road from Braunau to Wels, and the station had been erected
>  in
> > connection with a fieldday which is held regularly at about this time of the
> > year. The distance to my QTH (JN68GN), as measured on a map, was about 78
>  km.
>
> Congrats! Nothing observed here...
>
> 54dg16'N / 10dg04'E, JO54ag
> 73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sun, 01 Aug 1999 13:33:23 +0100
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "M. Bruno" <spin@inrete.it>
Subject: LF: Sunday morning activity
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Hello all,

after some months of QRT, this morning QSO in QRSs
with Gerd DJ5BV. Reports M-M.

Low QRN up to 1000z; continuous "cracks" at S9 (35 dB/uV)
in the afternoon.




Marco Bruno - IK1ODO
spin@inrete.it

SPIN Electronics - www.spin-it.com



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Heinz Schnait" <oe5eep@qsl.net>
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org, "Gerhard Parzonka" <japgp@home.ivm.de>
Subject: LF: Summary of the OE Activity of July 31, 1999
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<!doctype html public "-//w3c//dtd html 4.0 transitional//en">
<html>
<body text="#000000" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" link="#0000EE" vlink="#551A8B" alink="#FF0000">
Hallo all,
<p>The OE activity of July 31 was a joint effort of the members of the
local chapter of the OeVSV (ADL 511) in the city of Voecklabruck. As in
previous years we had our club's summer field day in Schildorn at the home
of Ossi, OE5ODL, and his YL Lydia, OE5LMO. It's a hill top QTH in JN68RF
with a great view of the surrounding country side of the Innviertel. People
came after lunch and set up several stations. There was a barbecue in the
late afternoon and a social program till late night.
<p>At our summer field day we usually show and test the previous years
yield on finished home-brew projects. This years main activity was focused
to get on 136kHz. Our host Ossi had already set up an antenna he called
a 470 meter Marconi. Its entirely a wire antenna running 13m vertically
up a wooden pole then 40m horizontally to another wooden mast on the rooftop.
>From there it runs to a loading coil on top of the garden house with 14
turns of 16m (square coil with 4 meters on each side). From there it runs
back to the house and is connected to a 80m horizontal loop in abt 13m
height whose ends are tied together as a capacitive load. The total length
of wire is about 470 meters. As counterpoise there were several radials
laid out on the ground ranging from 20 to 100m and the lightning ground,
rain gutters and down spouts were all tied together. The site looked like
a copper mine after this installation. I will publish a drawing of this
antenna and photos from the field day on my web site &lt;<a href="www.qsl.net/oe5eep">www.qsl.net/oe5eep</a>>.
<p>I have built the transmitter after schematics from Dave's, G3YXM, web
site &lt;<a href="http://www.picks.force9.co.uk/136.htm">www.picks.force9.co.uk/136.htm</a>>.
Thanks Dave for your support and all your e-mails! Without your help the
transmitter would not have been ready in time for the field day. Peter,
OE5PGL, built the VFO and added the finishing touches to my breadboard
constructed transmitter. He also built a preselector/preamplifier.
<p>The receiver was an FT1000MP. Although one of the better Japanese black
boxes it was not sensitive enough for LF. A converter was supplied by Josef,
OE5RJL, during the afternoon and substantially improved the S/N ratio.
We also had a military surplus LF receiver of WW2 "Langwellen Anton". Although
the FT1000MP had about ten times more knobs and switches on its front panel
the 55-year-old Langwellen Anton performed better regarding sensitivity.
The plus of the FT1000MP was its filters. The station was manned mainly
by Peter, OE5PGL, but others also operated from time to time (our host
OE5ODL, OE5RJL, ...) Unfortunately I myself could not join the operation
because of family duties.
<p>Operation started at 12.45 UTC and DJ1ZB, HaJo was our first QSO. Later
we worked DL1SAN from Ulm. There was a rather high noise level in the late
afternoon. We could hear several stations calling us but could not establish
2-way QSO's with them. If anybody has copied our signals please let us
know via e-mail or via QSL-buro.
<p>Future activities: After some reconstruction of the transmitter, like
addition of a high-SWR-protection to the final, inclusion of adequate fuses
in the supply line (I blew a power supply when accidentally keying the
transmitter in an open load) and last-not-least putting everything in an
enclosure we will be back on the air. The antenna is still up (at least
until the next storm) and we hope to be on the air on one of next weekends.
This time we will start in the early morning hours. I also want to look
into computerized reception (want to get those fancy waterfall plots!).
We also might build a second transmitter to work from different sites.
I will inform about all upcoming activities via this list.
<p>Questions: Does anybody know how to calculate/estimate/measure the efficiency
of our wire antenna to determine our ERP power?
<br>Does anybody know of previous OE activities on 136kHz or is ours the
very first OE-DL contact as some of our QSO partners say?
<p>So much for today and we'll be back, promise!
<p>73 Heinz
<p>Heinz Schnait, OE5EEP
<br>Pfarrer-Schuster-Platz 1
<br>A-4863 Seewalchen
<br>&lt;oe5eep@qsl.net>
<br>&nbsp;
<br>&nbsp;
</body>
</html>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Class E RF amplifiers
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 1999 23:12:55 +0100
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Hi all, I dug out a copy of an article by Nathan Sokal (Pres. of Design
Automation) that was published in Design Electronics on 20 Sept 1977 titled
"Class E can boost efficiency".
This turns out to be a very practical article with simple design formulae,
and a 'build it and play' circuit with example scope traces of current and
voltage waveforms. The test circuit is to run at 10 MHz but the detail looks
eminently suited to 136kHz. Efficiencies of 82 to 95% are quoted for some
very ordinary transistors and FETs. There is no formula given for the RF
Choke but I think that can be scaled from the 10MHz value.

I know some have Class E stages already, but this may be a help to others to
get the parameters right. It looks as though I no longer have the original
magazine, but it looks as though the copy I have will re-copy. Anyone
interested.......if there are too many, can anyone offer to scan it in?
Though there may be a copyright problem there even on a 22 year old article.
I have a sneaking suspicion the gentleman is a Ham, though he didn't admit
to it in the corresponece I had with him in the late 70s or in the article.
I wonder if Andre knows?
In the meantime I'm willing to snail-mail copies (until the Bank Manager
objects)
73 de Alan G3NYK
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: DX Cluster postings w/e 31 July/1 Aug. at GB7DXM
Date: Sun, 1 Aug 1999 22:28:12 +0100
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Hi all
Saturday seemed to be another fairly quiet morning with the static not
building up until after 1500Z. A QRS cq from DK8KW was logged at 0421Z
and again finishing at 0444Z. The first was just readable would be the
lowest report from me ( T ?) The second call was mashed up by the noise
but was on the same freq and had elements of Geri's call (bear in mind
Geri that most active stations in the UK would receive up to 20dB better
than I do) At least one other station detected slightly higher in frequency
at 0640Z maybe this was DF3LP, but the signal was right in the noise with me
and I was unable to reliably distinguish call letters. I heard G8RW at hand
speed at 1312Z at better strength than I normally hear him.

I only discovered Finbar had crystallized his beacon (hope it tastes good
Finbar ) late on Saturday evening by which time nothing was heard or seen
on the waterfall display, through the static crashes. An all night log of
the
QRS end of the band shows his signal 'popping' out of the noise 0010Z, with
a complete call in the clear ('O') at 0140Z. The signal was visible here
until 0730Z though never as good a strength. It could be seen with a little
imagination up to 1100Z though not at a fully readable strength. Also heard
at good strength were Steve GW4ALG, and G3YXM, and I think John G4GVC though
I didn't record his call (so used to hearing John I recognise his fist)
G8RW called CQ at 0837Z with the strongest signal I have ever heard from
him.
I note an entry from Alain on Sunday so maybe he has got his wire working
properly now.
It will be nice to get spots from France.
Posting from the Dx Cluster GB7DXM as follows:-
G3NYK de GB7DXM     1-Aug-1999 2031Z    Type H or ? for help >
   137.7  IK1ODO       1-Aug-1999 0941Z  in qso with me
<DJ5BV>
   137.0  DF8ZR        1-Aug-1999 0910Z  cq
<DL1SAN>
   136.4  DJ1ZB        1-Aug-1999 0742Z  qso with dl9em
<DL1SAN>
   137.7  HB9ASB       1-Aug-1999 0738Z  cq slow-cw
<DJ5BV>
   136.5  PA0LEG      31-Jul-1999 0608Z
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  G3XDV       31-Jul-1999 1123Z  Slow-CW "M"
<DK8KW>
   136.6  DL3FDO      31-Jul-1999 0920Z  cq
<DJ5BV>
   136.5  DJ1ZB       31-Jul-1999 0906Z  cq
<DL1SAN>
   137.7  DK8KW       30-Jul-1999 1623Z  CQ SLOW-CW "O"
<DJ5BV>
   137.0  G4GVC       30-Jul-1999 0632Z  539
<DJ5BV>
G3NYK de GB7DXM    1-Aug 2034Z >
  1800.0  DJ5BV        1-Aug-1999 1133Z  137.7 KHz slow CW
<F5MLP>
  1800.0  DF2PY        1-Aug-1999 1106Z  137.0 KHz cq cq
<F5MLP>
  1800.0  GW4ALG       1-Aug-1999 0948Z  136.8khz cq
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  GW4ALG       1-Aug-1999 0847Z  cw 137.67khz
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  DJ5BV        1-Aug-1999 0830Z  QRS 'O' at 0646Z jo02pb
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  G3XTZ       28-Jul-1999 2035Z  beacon cw 136.00khz
<G3NYK>
G3NYK de GB7DXM    1-Aug 2036Z >
Cheers de Alan G3NYK  locator JO02PB
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Graeme Zimmer" <gzimmer@bigpond.com>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
References: <000201bedc6b$56091600$2907063e@default>
Subject: LF: Re: Class E RF amplifiers
Date: Mon, 2 Aug 1999 12:01:09 +1000
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Hi Alan,

> Hi all, I dug out a copy of an article by Nathan Sokal (Pres. of Design
> Automation) that was published in Design Electronics on 20 Sept 1977
titled
> "Class E can boost efficiency".

I would be happy to scan it for you, if you would be kind enought to post me
a copy....

Lots of interest in LF here in VK lately as well...

Address is:

Graeme Zimmer
PO Box 483
Traralgon
Vic 3844
AUSTRALIA

73's ........... Zim ............ (Graeme Zimmer).............VK3GJZ



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 02 Aug 1999 09:21:24 +0200
From: "Toni Bdrtschi" <tonib@phonakcom.ch>
Organization: Phonak Communications AG
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Subject: LF: Mystery VLF signals in Italy
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>From HB9ASB, JN36pt

I've never seen a response to Marcos query about the signal on 1025 Hz.
Here a possible explanation:

Of course I can see and hear the signal, like many others in the VLF/ULF
range, at my QTH.
They are coming over the mains but I can receive them also fro the air
with my 136 kHz aerial and detect them with my receiver and the
soundcard and spectrogram. The sources - at least here in Switzerland -
are well known. The signals are generated by our power stations and feed
into the mains to control street lamps, electricity counters in the
households (different day/night charges for the kWh) and other devices.
Here they are using thyristor or motor-generators with 60kw/22kV
connected via a serial LC to the medium voltage grid. The rectangular
pulses with 600ms intervals are coming in packets with 6 bits (including
a startbit) Different frequencies from 200Hz to 2kHz are in use. The
durations of these control signal emissions are normally between 10s and
100s and the time depends on the local Power Company. The system exists
since 1950 and is known under RSS (Rundsteuersignale).

The signal which switches my day/night charge at 21:00 UT and 05:00 UT
is so strong that I can hear it trough the loudspeaker of some old radio
receivers (especially tube type, produced before 1950) or even directly
out of some transformers!

May be, this is an explanation for the mystery signal in Italy on 1025
Hz. 

73 de Toni


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 2 Aug 1999 08:57:45 +0100 (BST)
From: "Kate Moore" <mek@leicester.ac.uk>
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To: "rsgb lf group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Weekend report
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Stations worked here over the weekend on 136kHz using normal speed CW:

Friday 23/7
 GM3YXM/P (13.43UT: gave him 579, he gave me 579), EI0CF (18.05: 579, 569).

Saturday 24/7
 GM3YXM/P (06.59: 57/89, 57/89), PA0SE (07.10: 57/89, 57/89 [-83dBm]).

Sunday 25/7
 GM3YXM/P (08.00: 57/89, 579).

I was fairly inactive again this weekend and when I was about, activity
seemed very low. This was a pity 'cos Dave was back up in Southwest 
Scotland, putting out an excellent signal but having to work hard to get
contacts.

Static levels were lower than they have been recently, but I am suffering
with some low-level buzz from what appears to be a SMPSU close by, so my
background noise level varies quite a lot at the moment and I can't always
hear the weakest DX. I found Finbar's beacon on Saturday evening just above
136.700kHz at around S4/5, and it was still audible above the SMPSU early
Sunday norning. Apparently this was running QRP with about 1A antenna
current. Later when he moved it to around 136.165kHz it came up to a nice
S6.

I was very interested in the comments from Bob ZL2CA last weekend about
horizontal antennas on LF. Probably the most successful DXer on 136kHz
(especially when you take into account TX power) is Reino OH1TN, and as
most of you will know, he uses a very long and predominantly horizontal
wire (although it is reasonably high too).

As I have now been heard in HS6.... (!! - no, it WASN'T me who put that
spot on the cluster, but I will gladly QSL...) Seriously though, I have
always used mostly horizontal wires on 73 and 136kHz and my earliest
configuration had almost no vertical component, despite a number of people
at that time suggesting it wouldn't work. It's interesting that I was using
this when I was the first person outside the Baltic area to receive Reino,
back in December '97. The DX QSOs I've been making with my present antenna
(which is still quite low and mostly horizontal) show that even relatively
short horizontal antennas do work well on LF. In addition, I've noticed that
my receive signal to noise ratio often seems better than that of stations
using big vertical antennas, although there could be other reasons for this.

Traditionally, the horizontal sections of LF antennas have been considered
a necessary evil to provide loading, but I feel that, especially for amateur
work, horizontal antennas can provide extremely good results in their own
right.


         Regards  John G4GVC near Leicester, IO92JP


    **  TX: Synth + 400W RF from modified 'G3YXM' Mosfet PA           **
    **  RX: TS-850S with 3 x CW filters and 0.5ppm TCXO               **
    **  Ant: Inv-L 60m long, 6m high at feed end, 12m high at far end **




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 02 Aug 1999 09:58:58
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: Re: LF: Summary of the OE Activity of July 31, 1999
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>Questions: Does anybody know how to calculate/estimate/measure the
>efficiency of our wire antenna to determine our ERP power?
>Does anybody know of previous OE activities on 136kHz or is ours the
>very first OE-DL contact as some of our QSO partners say?

The antenna is rather unusual but if you look at it as a 'Marconi' then you
should have an almost infinite topload (compared to the 13m vertical section).
The radiation resistance of a short vertical monopole with infinite topload is

    Ra = 160 x (Pi * l/L)^2

where Ra = radiation resistance, Pi = 3.1415... , l = antenna height, L =
wavelength and ^2 = squared.

So as a 'wild guess' I would estimate Ra as 0.055 Ohms (55 milliOhms).

Your ERP further depends on the antennacurrent (Ia) : ERP = Ra x Ia^2

73, Rik  ON7YD


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: LF: weekend report 30/07 - 01/08
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stations 'seen' in slow-CW : HB9ASB (529), DJ5BV (559)
stations heard in normal CW : PA0LEG (579), DK8KW (529), DJ5BV (559),
GW4ALG (549), G4GVC (549), G3YXM (579), G3XTZ (579), DL3FDO (539), G3BDQ
(539), DF2PY (579), EI0CF (439)

Geri (DK8KW) improved his signal with at least 6dB over the last weeks and
we had a nice normal CW QSO. Also GW4ALG had a very strong signal into
Belgium, suppose he was playing with balloons ...

73, Rik


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dick Rollema" <d.w.rollema@gironet.nl>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Re: Class E RF amplifiers
Date: Mon, 2 Aug 1999 11:11:18 +0200
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>From PA0SE to All

Alan Melia wrote:


>Hi all, I dug out a copy of an article by Nathan Sokal (Pres. of Design
>Automation) that was published in Design Electronics on 20 Sept 1977 titled
>"Class E can boost efficiency".
>This turns out to be a very practical article with simple design formulae,
>and a 'build it and play' circuit with example scope traces of current and
>voltage waveforms. The test circuit is to run at 10 MHz but the detail
looks
>eminently suited to 136kHz. Efficiencies of 82 to 95% are quoted for some
>very ordinary transistors and FETs. There is no formula given for the RF
>Choke but I think that can be scaled from the 10MHz value.
>
>I know some have Class E stages already, but this may be a help to others
to
>get the parameters right. It looks as though I no longer have the original
>magazine, but it looks as though the copy I have will re-copy. Anyone
>interested.......if there are too many, can anyone offer to scan it in?
>Though there may be a copyright problem there even on a 22 year old
article.
>I have a sneaking suspicion the gentleman is a Ham, though he didn't admit
>to it in the corresponece I had with him in the late 70s or in the article.
>I wonder if Andre knows?
>In the meantime I'm willing to snail-mail copies (until the Bank Manager
>objects)



Useful information on class D, E and F amplifiers with references to the
original articles can also be found in Technical Topics by G3VA in Radio
Communication of:

August 1997 p. 77

October 1996 p. 77

73, Dick, PA0SE



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 02 Aug 1999 12:12:45 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: Re: Class E RF amplifiers
References: <002001bedcc7$179cb0a0$fc96b38f@w8k3f0>
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Hello to all,

Dick Rollema wrote:
 
> Useful information on class D, E and F amplifiers with references to the
> original articles can also be found in Technical Topics by G3VA in Radio
> Communication of:
> 
> August 1997 p. 77
> 
> October 1996 p. 77

Looking for articles on class D and E amplifiers earlier
this year I collected some there:
 
 ftp://ftp.rz.uni-kiel.de/pub/nephro/nephlab/lp/MosFet-PA/

(all in ACROBAT format)

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


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Date: Mon, 02 Aug 1999 12:38:59 +0100
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "M. Bruno" <spin@inrete.it>
Subject: Re: LF: Mystery VLF signals in Italy
In-reply-to: <37A546F4.7A2B4941@phonakcom.ch>
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At 09.21 02/08/99 +0200, you wrote:
>>>From HB9ASB, JN36pt
>
>I've never seen a response to Marcos query about the signal on 1025 Hz.
>Here a possible explanation:
>
>Of course I can see and hear the signal, like many others in the VLF/ULF
>range, at my QTH.
>They are coming over the mains but I can receive them also fro the air
>with my 136 kHz aerial and detect them with my receiver and the
>soundcard and spectrogram. The sources - at least here in Switzerland -
>are well known. The signals are generated by our power stations and feed
>into the mains to control street lamps, electricity counters in the
>households (different day/night charges for the kWh) and other devices.
>................

Thanks to Tony for the explanation. In effect I had no other responses,
except one from Gamal Soegiono, noting the use of 687 Hz in Germany for
the same purpose.

Well, mistery solved ... but there are a few more man-made signals
around 50 Hz. I will post a message in next days.

Thank you again, Toni.


73 - Marco IK1ODO

spin@inrete.it

Rivalta, ITALY JN35SA (N 45 01' 25.6", E 7 31' 09.4")




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Mike Dennison" <mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk>
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Subject: LF: Weekend Report 31/7 - 1/8
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Pleased to read so many reports of successes this weekend, 
especially from DL and OE. Unfortunately, not such a good 
weekend for me!

Saturday 31 July 

Got up at 0620UTC but bad noise from next door at S9.

Despite this, saw QRSs from DJ5BV ('O') and HB9ASB ('M') on 
Spectrogram screen.

Also heard G3YXM and G4GVC at 599.

Put out a couple of QRSs calls but noise too bad.

Heard GW4ALG (589) after noise stopped at 1100.

QRN bad after lunch. 


Sunday 1 August 

Got up at 0510UTC. Noise on again and lasted all day.

Heard G3XTZ (5 9+20 9), GW4ALG (589), G3BDQ (599) and 
G3YXM (599).

Saw on Spectrogram screen QRSs from DF3LP ( only 'M' in the 
QRM) and DJ5BV (a strong 'O').

Went to RSGB National Mobile Rally at its new Hatfield venue. 
Bought some bits for my new mast (to be erected early September 
after the GW trip), and an old 286 computer whose case will be 
used to tidy up my LF rig. Plus a T-200 toroid for the junk box. 



Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Finbar O'Connor" <beachwood@tinet.ie>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: re:QRS reports
Date: Mon, 2 Aug 1999 01:43:52 +0100
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<DIV>Thanks to all those reporting my QRS beacon transmission on 137.192 khz and 
the Spectogram readouts, I am amazed, having never seen one before. This period 
of transmission was my first attempt at SLOW CW. I hope that others also 
received this test and I look forward to hearing from them, via the 
reflector.</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>very best regards</DIV>
<DIV>Finbar&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; EI0CF</DIV></BODY></HTML>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 02 Aug 1999 15:55:31 +0100
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Simon Lloyd-Hughes" <simon.lloyd-hughes@rd.bbc.co.uk>
Subject: Re: LF: Re: Class E RF amplifiers
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There was a Class E 7MHz amplifier design in QST in early 1997.  It was in
two parts with practical design information. 


At 11:11 02/08/99 +0200, you wrote:
>>>From PA0SE to All
>
>Alan Melia wrote:
>
>
>>Hi all, I dug out a copy of an article by Nathan Sokal (Pres. of Design
>>Automation) that was published in Design Electronics on 20 Sept 1977 titled
>>"Class E can boost efficiency".
>>This turns out to be a very practical article with simple design formulae,
>>and a 'build it and play' circuit with example scope traces of current and
>>voltage waveforms. The test circuit is to run at 10 MHz but the detail
>looks
>>eminently suited to 136kHz. Efficiencies of 82 to 95% are quoted for some
>>very ordinary transistors and FETs. There is no formula given for the RF
>>Choke but I think that can be scaled from the 10MHz value.
>>
>>I know some have Class E stages already, but this may be a help to others
>to
>>get the parameters right. It looks as though I no longer have the original
>>magazine, but it looks as though the copy I have will re-copy. Anyone
>>interested.......if there are too many, can anyone offer to scan it in?
>>Though there may be a copyright problem there even on a 22 year old
>article.
>>I have a sneaking suspicion the gentleman is a Ham, though he didn't admit
>>to it in the corresponece I had with him in the late 70s or in the article.
>>I wonder if Andre knows?
>>In the meantime I'm willing to snail-mail copies (until the Bank Manager
>>objects)
>
>
>
>Useful information on class D, E and F amplifiers with references to the
>original articles can also be found in Technical Topics by G3VA in Radio
>Communication of:
>
>August 1997 p. 77
>
>October 1996 p. 77
>
>73, Dick, PA0SE
>
>
>
>


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 02 Aug 1999 17:39:40
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: LF: Re: Class E RF amplifiers
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>Hi all, I dug out a copy of an article by Nathan Sokal (Pres. of Design
>Automation) that was published in Design Electronics on 20 Sept 1977 titled
>"Class E can boost efficiency".
>This turns out to be a very practical article with simple design formulae,
>and a 'build it and play' circuit with example scope traces of current and
>voltage waveforms. The test circuit is to run at 10 MHz but the detail
>looks
>eminently suited to 136kHz. Efficiencies of 82 to 95% are quoted for some
>very ordinary transistors and FETs. There is no formula given for the RF
>Choke but I think that can be scaled from the 10MHz value.

I am using a 'G3YXM' PA, slightly modified from the original. Main changes
are a pair of IRFP350's on each side of the push-pull (running at 56V) and
an extra LC section in the LPF.
With 9.2A draincurrent (= 515W input) I get 2.95A RF current into my 52 Ohm
dummyload (= 452W output). That means 87.8% efficiency.
Seems to be within the range of this famous 'Class E'.
The nice thing on Dave's PA (besides good efficiency) is that is a
straighforward and 'no nonsense' design, if you stick to scematics and
component list it cannot go wrong.
It is absolutely stable (I know an OM who blew more than a dozen FETs on an
oscillating PA) and survives open circuit (no problem, current goes down)
and even shortcircuit if you have a proper current-trip in the PSU.

73, Rik


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 2 Aug 1999 18:21:31 +0200
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: loop-ant. for rx-ing
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From: "bernd grupe" <Bernd.Grupe@t-online.de>
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Hello all,
when experimenting with different loop-antennas it would be very helpful to have 
a special tool for calculating all the equations in terms of L and C and 
efficiency (esp. the radiation resistance).So I got the idea to program a 
specific "calculator" for all the work and just put a very first version on my 
web-site. It runs with all the popular browsers. Online as well as offline when 
downloading the Java-File to your PC.The URL is:
http://home.t-online.de/home/Bernd.Grupe/homepage.htm

My qth-locator is JN49JV and its 40 km down of Frankfurt/Main.Due to the near 
big radio stations - DLF 153kHz, DCF 77 and intermodulation by 129 kHz(GPS) etc. 
- you can believe me, that it's hard to get an audible signal in NCW. Since 
April i tried to connect dk8kw(Geri) on lf. But it was just the one-turn 
loop-ant. which i have built at least, to get Geri at friday last weekend with 
quite a high O quality in scw-mode. This good performance of loop-ant. brought 
me to write this mail to all of You, who suffered from similar bad conditions. 
Try a loop and look for gd dx.
73 bernd, DF8ZR

TX-ant.: marconi 10 m high; coil 2.3 mH
RX-ant.: selective loop, 2 m diam
pw: 20 watts homemade
rx: PCR1000 ICOM with selective preamps



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 02 Aug 1999 18:24:50 -0000 ()
From: "John Rabson" <word.factory@zetnet.co.uk>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Polarisation
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About 30 yrs ago, there was an LF TX at Ongar Radio which (I was told) used a 
 horizontal halfwave on 90 kHz (ish).

Do any ex-PO people know anything about it?
  
73 de G3PAI

----------------------------------
E-Mail: John Rabson <word.factory@zetnet.co.uk>
Date: 02-Aug-99
Time: 18:19:42

This message was sent by XFMail
----------------------------------


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Subject: Re: LF: Re: Class E RF amplifiers
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Hello Group,

Simon Lloyd-Hughes wrote:
> 
> There was a Class E 7MHz amplifier design in QST in early 1997.  It was in
> two parts with practical design information.

Yes! You will find this article on my ftp-site...

(Once more:
ftp://ftp.rz.uni-kiel.de/pub/nephro/nephlab/lp/MosFet-PA/ )

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


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Date: Tue, 03 Aug 1999 00:27:23 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: Re: Class E RF amplifiers
References: <002001bedcc7$179cb0a0$fc96b38f@w8k3f0> <3.0.1.16.19990802173940.2ff70aec@mail.cc.kuleuven.ac.be>
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Hello,

Rik Strobbe wrote:
 
> I am using a 'G3YXM' PA, slightly modified from the original. Main changes
> are a pair of IRFP350's on each side of the push-pull (running at 56V) and
> an extra LC section in the LPF.
> With 9.2A draincurrent (= 515W input) I get 2.95A RF current into my 52 Ohm
> dummyload (= 452W output). That means 87.8% efficiency.
> Seems to be within the range of this famous 'Class E'.

It's a classical "class-D" design, i.e. a switched
pp-amplifier reaching very high efficiency but much more
complicated than class-E. Running class-D means that most
dissipation occurs at switching time. Class-E is able to
avoid dissipation even at switching. The key is to load an
amplifier capacitively such that (MosFet) Ud *and* dUd/dt at
switchig time are both zero (soft landing). Theoretically
(!) you will have no dissipation at all...

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: G0MRF@aol.com
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Date: Mon, 2 Aug 1999 19:27:29 EDT
Subject: Re: LF: Class E RF amplifiers
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
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In a message dated 01/08/99 23:26:27 GMT Daylight Time, 
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com writes:

<< I know some have Class E stages already, but this may be a help to others 
to
 get the parameters right. It looks as though I no longer have the original
 magazine, but it looks as though the copy I have will re-copy. Anyone
 interested.......if there are too many, can anyone offer to scan it in?
 Though there may be a copyright problem there even on a 22 year old article.
 I have a sneaking suspicion the gentleman is a Ham, though he didn't admit
 to it in the corresponece I had with him in the late 70s or in the article.
 I wonder if Andre knows?
 In the meantime I'm willing to snail-mail copies (until the Bank Manager
 objects)
 73 de Alan G3NYK
 Alan.Melia@btinternet.com
 
  >>
Yes please Alan.

Are you OK in the callbook?   -  I'll send you an SAE

Thanks


David    G0MRF


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Subject: LF: earth tests schedule - Aug 8 now
Date: Mon, 2 Aug 1999 09:47:31 +0100
Organization: T@ylor Training
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Please note change of date to Sunday Aug 8.


DATE: Sunday 8 August
LOCATOR   IO80LE  - near Start Point, South Devon.
All times UTC +1   (British summer time)

Sending:  G0AKN 

There are two base configurations.    
1.  Sea electrode to sea electrode  (East-West)
2.  Earth electrode to sea electrode (North-South)

1000 -1030         71.85 kHz   QRS 10 second dot period     Sea to sea
1035 -1105         71.85 kHz   QRS 10 second dot period     Earth to sea

1110 - 1140     137.05 kHz   QRS  10 second dot period    Sea to sea
1145 - 1215     137.05 kHz   QRS  10 second dot period    Earth to sea

1220 - 1235     137.05 kHz     5 wpm CW     Sea to sea
1240 - 1255     137.05 kHz     5 wpm CW     Earth to sea

Reports (if any) welcomed!  Telephone number for contact 0154 8511 278

e-mail reports on the day to g0akn@hotmail.com

73
John Taylor G0AKN  and John Osborne G3HMO
earth@wireless.freeserve.co.uk




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Tue, 3 Aug 1999 08:54:38 +0100 (BST)
From: "Kate Moore" <mek@leicester.ac.uk>
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To: "rsgb lf group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Weekend report correct version!
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   Sorry - I sent an old version of John's weekend report yesterday. 
   Here is the correct version.
                                                    Kate G4JAI

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

Stations worked here over the weekend on 136kHz using normal speed CW:

Friday 30/7
 DJ5BV (06.26UT: gave him 549QSB, he gave me 539), G6NB (14.55: 579QRN, 599).

Saturday 31/7
 PA0LEG (07.23: 459QRM, 549), G3YXM (08.09: 59+9, 59+9).

Sunday 1/8
 GW4ALG (13.05: 589QRN, 589QRN).
 
Not a good weekend for me! During my QSO with PA0LEG I was careless with a
croc-clip on the 12V supply which shorted and pulsed the drive. This caused
both output FETs to explode spectacularly, and put me off air for most of the
day whilst I dismantled everything and replaced the FETs and driver chip. 
I've got away quite lightly in the past, so I guess it had to happen
eventually.......

The other problem during that QSO was the sudden re-appearance of QRM from
the local SMPSU. I had been curious why this kept appearing just as I went
on 136kHz, so on Sunday morning I keyed up the TX *ONCE* only, and then
went back to receive. Sure enough, up came the PSU buzz! It's pretty obvious
I'm suffering with some new item at a neighbour's which has a SMPSU in
'standby' mode - when I TX, it switches on. Aaaaargh!

That stopped me hearing any DX, so we went cycling instead (nice morning
anyway). When we got back at lunchtime, the buzz was off so I tried some
more tests. I dropped the TX power one switch position and keyed the TX once
- all still fine. Then I switched back to full power and keyed again -
BUZZZZZ!!!!!
Looks like I'm going to have to run reduced power for a while.

Finally, with the hot weather the static has been very bad in the afternoons
so the contacts with G6NB and GW4ALG were hard work amongst the crashes. Dare
I say "roll on winter"??


         Regards  John G4GVC near Leicester, IO92JP

    **  TX: Synth + 400W RF from modified 'G3YXM' Mosfet PA           **
    **  RX: TS-850S with 3 x CW filters and 0.5ppm TCXO               **
    **  Ant: Inv-L 60m long, 6m high at feed end, 12m high at far end **





From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Hi folks,


France's regulatory authority has accepted the use by amateurs of the
136 kHz band, but the text has not yet been published in the Official Journal.

There are a couple of French hams interested in the subject, including me.

We hope to be able to transmit before the coming winter.

Does anybody know about some transmitter kits available for 136 kHz? I
would love to build a transmitter (plenty designs on the Web, TNX G3YXM
& Co.), but I won't have the time to do this.

I have a Kenwood TS-140S which I have modified for all band
transmission, but the transmitter starts at 1.6 MHz. However, it is a
good receiver.

On the antenna side, I'm listening with a preamplified loop designed for
longwave broadcast reception + a couple of Beverages, and the
transmitting antenna is going to be raised in the sky this afternoon: a
550 metre loop at +/-8 to 12 m high (the "garden" is a field with plenty
of space for wires!).

Thanks for your advice.

Best 73

Mark, F6JSZ
Editor, French CQ magazine


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Andre' Kesteloot" <akestelo@bellatlantic.net>
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sovergne
Mark, F6JSZ
Editor, French CQ magazine wrote:

> France's regulatory authority has accepted the use by amateurs of the
> 136 kHz band, but the text has not yet been published in the Official Journal.

congratulations  :-)

> Does anybody know about some transmitter kits available for 136 kHz? I
> would love to build a transmitter (plenty designs on the Web, TNX G3YXM
> & Co.), but I won't have the time to do this.

G0MRF has created a 250 watt kit which I have built. I run it on 48 volts DC
(instead of 24) and get easily 300 watts + (had to rewind the output transformer
to add more turns, of course)
look up:
http://www.g0mrf.freeserve.co.uk/projects/lf.htm

That kit is a class B amplifier, hence you will be able to use it if/when you
start transmitting BPSK.

If you are only interested in CW, a class D or E amplifier will work well.

You could also buy a ready-built 160 watt Tx made by a Dutch company, under the
name of "The First".  It has a class D power amplifier, and we use it here at the
WA2XTF 136.750 beacon. It works very well, and my only criticism is that it is
crystal-controlled, and the crystal is soldered on the board. Opening the box and
changing the crystal are not exactly easy tasks to perform. Replacing the crystal
with an external Digital VFO would be the way to go.

Good luck
Andre' N4ICK






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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Class E PA...copies sent
Date: Tue, 3 Aug 1999 14:01:48 +0100
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Hi copies in the post to Martin DF5FFA, Andre N4ICK,Graeme VK3GJZ, and
Finbar EI0CF this morning.
Cheers all de Alan G3NYK
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Holger 'Geri', DK8KW" <DK8KW@compuserve.com>
Subject: LF: Kit information
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
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Mark (F6JSZ):

also from me congrats on convincing your authorities. Hope to hear
F-stations soon here in JO52BH.

Andre (N4ICK) already gave you some hints on where to get a transmitter or
a PA kit. I also use the G0MRF PA, David sells it as a kit with all
necessary parts. It took me one afternoon to build it (and a couple of days
to burn over a dozen FETs, mainly a cooling problem, have a look at my
website for a cheap source for IRFP450 FETs!). I run it with 24 Volts only
(due to the German QRP regulations) and it works very stabil now. 

A good DDS VFO kit (0 to 60 MHz with 1 Hz resolution) can be purchased from
S&S Engineering for around 170.- US$ (have a lok at their website
http://www.xmetric.com/sseng/), they also sell the VFO assembled and tested
for 220.- US$, you only need a housing. 
Ramsy Electronics (also somewehre on the web) sells a broadband amplifier
kit for 39.- US$ that gets this signal from its 10mW or so up to 1 Watt,
sufficient to drive the G0MRF PA.

Besides the antenna, that is basically all you need. Your antenna setup
sounds really promising! Think big, that's, as I have learned, is
important! 

If you want to know more details about my setup and the DDS VFO, have a
look at

http://www.dk8kw.home.pages.de

Best 73, hope to hear you soon on LF

Geri, DK8KW (W1KW)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Subject: Re: LF: Kit information
References: <37A6EDC4.89A28C1E@club-internet.fr> <37A6D9E7.530D5FD7@bellatlantic.net>
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TNX Andre,


I'll have a look at this today. The antenna is in good shape. I just
have to pull it up slightly more at the north-west corner. It works very
well with the broadcast stations (BBC Radio 4 on 198 kHz is 59+60 dB
with -20 dB on the attenuator and I'm in the south-west of France [JN04PX]).

I'll be listening to the beacon this evening. Can you send me some
photos and an article about it? I'll publish it in the French CQ; that's
how promoting LF goes, HI!

73, Mark, F6JSZ

Andre' Kesteloot a *crit :
> 
> sovergne
> Mark, F6JSZ
> Editor, French CQ magazine wrote:
> 
> > France's regulatory authority has accepted the use by amateurs of the
> > 136 kHz band, but the text has not yet been published in the Official Journal.
> 
> congratulations  :-)
> 
> > Does anybody know about some transmitter kits available for 136 kHz? I
> > would love to build a transmitter (plenty designs on the Web, TNX G3YXM
> > & Co.), but I won't have the time to do this.
> 
> G0MRF has created a 250 watt kit which I have built. I run it on 48 volts DC
> (instead of 24) and get easily 300 watts + (had to rewind the output transformer
> to add more turns, of course)
> look up:
> http://www.g0mrf.freeserve.co.uk/projects/lf.htm
> 
> That kit is a class B amplifier, hence you will be able to use it if/when you
> start transmitting BPSK.
> 
> If you are only interested in CW, a class D or E amplifier will work well.
> 
> You could also buy a ready-built 160 watt Tx made by a Dutch company, under the
> name of "The First".  It has a class D power amplifier, and we use it here at the
> WA2XTF 136.750 beacon. It works very well, and my only criticism is that it is
> crystal-controlled, and the crystal is soldered on the board. Opening the box and
> changing the crystal are not exactly easy tasks to perform. Replacing the crystal
> with an external Digital VFO would be the way to go.
> 
> Good luck
> Andre' N4ICK


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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> > Mark, F6JSZ

Mark,

I tried to e-mail you direct today but got an error message. Is 
sovergne@club-internet.fr correct?

73


Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "'Geri' Kinzel, DK8KW" <DK8KW@compuserve.com>
Subject: LF: DX Cluster postings w/e 31 July/1 Aug. at GB7DXM
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
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Hello Alan,

>A QRS cq from DK8KW was logged at 0421Z
>and again finishing at 0444Z. The first was just readable would be the
>lowest report from me ( T ?) The second call was mashed up by the noise
>but was on the same freq and had elements of Geri's call (bear in mind
>Geri that most active stations in the UK would receive up to 20dB better
>than I do)

thank you very much for your reception report in Slow CW and the "T"
report. There are 602 km between us so I am not surprised that you could
see my signal just above the noise. I am sorry to hear about your 20 dB
worse reception than the most active stations, so I am really pleased that
you was able to copy my Slow CW cq-call. I also appreciate you posting the
weekly posting of dx-cluster reports, this gives an idea about what was
going on. 

Best 73

Geri, DK8KW (W1KW)
JO52BH


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "peter cleall" <peter.cleall@virgin.net>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: eclipse
Date: Tue, 3 Aug 1999 19:50:09 +0100
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Is anyone planning any propagation experiments on136kHz or thereabouts
during the eclipse next week.

I have not yet decided whether to study it, visually or by radio techniques.
Also if I stay at home (98.5% of totallity) or go receiving portable in the
far southwest.

I know that the RSGB is involved in measurements on many bands but am not
sure what exactly is proposed for 136kHz.

Do we know what is likely to happen on our band,  are the changes expected
to be measurable, what is worth measuring and over what period of time.

I look forward to your comments and advice


peter G8AFN



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Wed, 04 Aug 1999 09:25:18
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: LF: GBR at 16kHz
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>From Jean-Jaqcues Delcourt, ON5PG, who is working as scienticif researcher
at the Belgian Royal Meteorologic Institute I received following request :

>My dear Rik,
>
>Have you the possibility of monitoring the GBR signals on 16 KHz ???
>
>We have a very special pattern during the sunrise at an altitude of 80 Km 
>between 3 et 5 UT .
>
>We ignore if it is an interference between the sky wave and the ground wave
>or an absorption only due to a specific chemical reaction . 
>
>If it is a sky wave - ground wave interference , you certainly have not the
>same as us ....
>
>Many thanks .
>
>Jean Jacques .

Unfortunately my RX is limited to 30kHz, but I suppose that a lot of
readers of this reflector can tune down to 16kHz and might be interested to
help.

Those who have the means and want to help Jean-Jacques (by recording GBR at
sunrise) are kindly requested to send me a short mail. I will collect all
responses and forward them to Jean-Jacques so he can send you more
detailled information.

I know this request is a bit 'out of line', but  I think that it is good
for the image of amateurradio if we can cooperate in scientific projects.

73, Rik



Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Steve Rawlings" <steve.rawlings@cableol.co.uk>
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To: "LF Group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Data Sheet for 3C85 ferrite
References: <01bd51fe$b85a2360$LocalHost@default> <35104DC9.F0EB4D59@cableol.co.uk> <37A51135.7B185470@bellatlantic.net> <37A60F97.44C7AE7A@cableol.co.uk> <37A7B4B5.2E4C7EB1@bellatlantic.net>
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Andre' Kesteloot, N4ICK has recently advised me of the web address for the 3C85 Data
Sheet (Philips Components).  Many members of this reflector will know that this is
becoming a very popular material for use in LF equipment, following its use by David
Bowman G0MRF in his 250 W PA.

(I have used 3C85 ring cores in David's PA; LF SWR bridges; antenna matching
transformers; and in the grid and anode circuits of my valve PA with great success.)

For others who may be interested, the web address for the Data Sheet (PDF  file
viewer, such as Acrobat Reader, required) is:
http://www.acm.components.philips.com/pdf/3c85.pdf

Details of a UK source for 3C85 ring cores can be found at:
http://www.cableol.net/alg/radio/136/comps.htm

[Andre': Thank you for successfully navigating the Philips web site!]

Regards to all,
Steve GW4ALG




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Kate Moore" <mek@leicester.ac.uk>
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Subject: LF: New station on 136
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Worked a new station on 136.57kHz last night - G0VXG, Richard in Telford.
This was his first contact on LF, although he is the station I heard a few
weeks ago. His signal was S6 here, with a trace of chirp.
Look out for him and give him a report - I'm sure he'd appreciate it.
(This now takes my tally of 'first QSOs' up to 12).

         Regards  John G4GVC near Leicester, IO92JP

    **  TX: Synth + 400W RF from modified 'G3YXM' Mosfet PA           **
    **  RX: TS-850S with 3 x CW filters and 0.5ppm TCXO               **
    **  Ant: Inv-L 60m long, 6m high at feed end, 12m high at far end **




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: Re: LF: eclipse
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At 19:50 3/08/99 +0100, G8AFN wrote:
>Is anyone planning any propagation experiments on136kHz or thereabouts
>during the eclipse next week.
>
>I have not yet decided whether to study it, visually or by radio techniques.
>Also if I stay at home (98.5% of totallity) or go receiving portable in the
>far southwest.
>
>I know that the RSGB is involved in measurements on many bands but am not
>sure what exactly is proposed for 136kHz.
>
>Do we know what is likely to happen on our band,  are the changes expected
>to be measurable, what is worth measuring and over what period of time.
>
>I look forward to your comments and advice


I received following information from Jean-Jacques Delcourt, ON5PG: 

    I am working professionaly on the D layer and prepare a doctorate on this
    subject at the Belgian Royal Meteorological Institute.
    I monitor only  time keeping carriers in amplitude,phase and polarization
    below 100 KHz. The best results are from GBR on formelly 16 KHz, but in
    fact around 15,750 KHz which is unfortunately frequency modulated. During
    dusk and dawn, you can see beautiful effects linked with the sun rise,
    the rising of XRays flux and modification of the chemistry of the 
    mesosphere.
    Correlations are made with the XR flux monitoring by GOES satellites. The 
    XR are generated in the sun corona and one of the interests of the aug.11
    eclipse is that during approximatively 2 min, the most part of the corona 
    will be obliterated.
    Phase monitoring is very difficult and requires very stable reference
    oscillators in the range of 10exp-10 on a day. At the lab, I am using a
GPS
    reference with phase locked loop.
    I think that the best way during the eclipse day is testing a circuit
    where the totality path is the middle of the circuit.
    An other way is monitoring 24h on 24h during 3 days [the eclipse day is
the
    second] a carrier with a constant amplitude , the greatest possible.....
    The 5 receivers I use are [all home made] of direct amplification type
with
    crystal filters and bandwidth of 1 Hz ; but I have the greatest interest
    for VLF commercial RX . Data sheets and dealers addresses with prices are
    welcome.
    The antennas are of the loop type [20 spires with the appropriate tuning
    capacitor] mounted inside a water pipe loop to make it inflexible and easy
    to direct.


The frequency range of interest is below 200kHz, preferable even below
100kHz as effects seems to be more explicit on lower frequencies. A
software team from the Belgien amateur radio society UBA has developed a
programme that can be
used to register the fieldstrength measurements. All you need is a PC with
Win95/98 and a soundcard. The audio output of the receiver is fed to the
input of the soundcard. 
More information of about this programme and about the eclipse-experiment
in general can be found at the UBA website http://www.uba.be/ The software
can be requested by sending an e-mail to jacques.debouche@euronet.be with
as subject:
ECLIPSE PROGRAM REQUEST. The required information and calibration-procedure
is included. 
All data can be sent to : 
    John Devoldere, ON4UN 
    Poelstraat 215 
    B-9820 Merelbeke 
    Belgium 
    or via e-mail to john.devoldere@village.uunet.be 

A special award will be issued to everybody who cooperates with the
experiment and sends in his/her set of data. 

73, Rik ON7YD 


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Wed, 04 Aug 1999 18:27:05 +0100
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org,  rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
From: "Andy Talbot" <drassew2@interalpha.co.uk>
Subject: Re: LF: GBR at 16kHz
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Rik - 
I have the means to monitor the 16kHz signal continuously at a very low
sampling rate, ie 3.90625 Hz plus multiples higher, and store several hours
of I/Q sampled raw data to disc.  From these samples, the phase of the
signal and doppler shift etc can be recovered.   However, at only 200km from
the transmitter I am not sure of the value of monitoring from my location.

Andy Talbot G4JNT


>>>From Jean-Jaqcues Delcourt, ON5PG, who is working as scienticif researcher
>at the Belgian Royal Meteorologic Institute I received following request :
>
>>My dear Rik,
>>
>>Have you the possibility of monitoring the GBR signals on 16 KHz ???
>>
>>We have a very special pattern during the sunrise at an altitude of 80 Km 
>>between 3 et 5 UT .
>>
>>We ignore if it is an interference between the sky wave and the ground wave
>>or an absorption only due to a specific chemical reaction . 
>>
>>If it is a sky wave - ground wave interference , you certainly have not the
>>same as us ....
>>
>>Many thanks .
>>
>>Jean Jacques .
>
>Unfortunately my RX is limited to 30kHz, but I suppose that a lot of
>readers of this reflector can tune down to 16kHz and might be interested to
>help.
>
>Those who have the means and want to help Jean-Jacques (by recording GBR at
>sunrise) are kindly requested to send me a short mail. I will collect all
>responses and forward them to Jean-Jacques so he can send you more
>detailled information.
>
>I know this request is a bit 'out of line', but  I think that it is good
>for the image of amateurradio if we can cooperate in scientific projects.
>
>73, Rik
>
>
>
>Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
>rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
>Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)
>
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dave Sergeant" <sergeantd@compuserve.com>
Subject: LF: eclipse
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
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>From Dave G3YMC

The RSGB's programme for studying propogation on the eclipse was in April
99 RadComm.  This suggested various monitoring programmes for 73 and 128
(sic!) kHz.

I e-mailed the author G3NAQ and discussed the LF suggestions, pointing out
that any meaningful results on 73 were most unlikely due to lack of
activity, and 136 would similarly not reveal much for similar reasons.

Perhaps the only likely useful experiment would be to monitor the strength
of DCF39 at various locations, which could be done with pen recorders for
those who have them.  Any sort of eclipse net as proposed in the article
would be a complete disaster!

It would be hoped that the 136 users could at least make some token
contribution to the programme.

As for myself, I shall be viewing the eclipse in Salzburg, hopefully away
from the madding crowds (and hopefully also from the clouds) so shall be
unable to participate in the radio experiments anyway.  I have arranged to
meet Heinz OE5EEP and some of the other OE 136 guys whilst I am there, so
it should be a worthwhile trip.

73s Dave G3YMC


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Mike Dennison" <mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk>
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G3YMC wrote:
> The RSGB's programme for studying propogation on the eclipse was in April
> 99 RadComm.  This suggested various monitoring programmes for 73 and 128
> (sic!) kHz.
> 

Oops - our trusty proof readers didn't spot that one until too late!

One of things the article said was that the effects of the eclipse 
may last a while, especially as the zone of totality changes with 
the Earth moving. The thing to do it to monitor something 
consistent (obviously regular amateur skeds would be best, but 
commercial signals would do) over a period of days, and LF is 
especially useful for that is under normal conditions the signal 
strengths are remarkably consistent. So although most of us will 
either be at work, or enjoying the eclipse away from home, 
information on DCF's signal in the mornings and evenings will still 
be useful - even if it does not reveal any changes.

Because the totality region moves south-south-east from the UK, I 
imagine that HBG on 75kHz and the Greek RTTY on 135.8kHz 
would be more useful than DCF which is too far north. Similarly, 
observations across the line of totality are thought to be useful, so 
monitoring DCF from Italy could be the thing to do.

That is my understanding of the recommendations - feel free to 
correct me if I have it wrong.

I shall probably arrange to ask my wife to run Spectrogram on 
135.8kHz for an hour  around eclipse time. I will then record 
morning and evening signal strengths on as many DX signals 
(amateur and professional) as I can hear.

It would be useful for as many stations as possible to put out a call 
whenever possible from Monday morning to Thursday morning. It 
may be especially helpful if anyone can transmit on 73kHz (I will 
try to do so, despite needing to work most of the weekend - see 
this group and my web site for an announcement).



Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Thu, 05 Aug 1999 11:54:54
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: Re: LF: eclipse
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At 09:59 5/08/99 +0100, G3XDV wrote:
>I shall probably arrange to ask my wife to run Spectrogram on 
>135.8kHz for an hour  around eclipse time. I will then record 
>morning and evening signal strengths on as many DX signals 
>(amateur and professional) as I can hear.

If possible also take 'reference' measurements the day before and/or after
the eclips.
If the monitored signal is strong enough the special 'eclips'-program
developed by the UBA software team maybe more usefull as it can record
signals with a dynamic range of over 40dB. Similar to Spectogram it uses
the PC-soundcard.
You find more about this eclips-software (including download facilities) at
the UBA website : http://www.uba.be/

For those who monitor signals during the eclipse : you data are most
welcome for scientific purposes, a series of experiments will be conducted
by the belgian society UBA in cooperation the belgian Royal Meteorological
Institute (KMI).

You can send your data to :

John Devoldere ON4UN : john.devoldere@village.uunet.be

73, Rik


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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OE5PGL, OE5ODL and OE5EEP plan to be on the air on Sunday, August 8,
1999 from 0330Z to 0600Z (latest) from JN68RF. We will be around 136.5
kHz in normal CW using the same equipment as last weekend.

Hear you then!

Heinz, OE5EEP



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: ok1fig@atlas.cz
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Hello all again
Date: Thu, 5 Aug 1999 20:36:47 +0200
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Hello lowfers!
I am just in Switzerland to get training for my new job.
I am rather short of time but I will have a vacation the
second week in August and I will be QRV from the cottage.
I had serious problems with my TX exciter last annonced
QRV time, let all guys who searched for me accept my
appology.
This time I have better prepared TX and have about 400W.
I still do not know wheter I will go only normal CW or
also Slow-CW.

Petr, HB9/OK1FIG/P


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Johan Bodin" <sm6lkm.jbeab@swipnet.se>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: SV: LF: eclipse
Date: Thu, 5 Aug 1999 23:02:51 +0200
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Hello,

Forwarded from Rik Strobbe:

>A software team from the Belgien amateur radio society UBA has developed a
>programme that can be used to register the fieldstrength measurements. All you
>need is a PC with Win95/98 and a soundcard. The audio output of the receiver
>is fed to the input of the soundcard.

AGC (which is present in most amateur receivers) will make such measurements
almost useless (unless the AGC can be disabled).

Please correct me if I'm wrong...

73, Johan




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Date: Fri, 06 Aug 1999 04:31:30 +0300
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Paul Keinanen" <keinanen@sci.fi>
Subject: Re: LF: eclipse
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At 23:02 5.8.1999 +0200, Johan Bodin wrote:
>Hello,
>
>Forwarded from Rik Strobbe:
>
>>A software team from the Belgien amateur radio society UBA has developed a
>>programme that can be used to register the fieldstrength measurements. All you
>>need is a PC with Win95/98 and a soundcard. The audio output of the receiver
>>is fed to the input of the soundcard.
>
>AGC (which is present in most amateur receivers) will make such measurements
>almost useless (unless the AGC can be disabled).

>From http://www.uba.be/zon/SoftGB.htm it is stated that the receiver is set
to  a constant gain, i.e. AGC off. 

In my opinnion, the problem is that the receiver gain should not fluctuate
much during a several day period. A typical IF amplifier strip does not use
feedback resistors to set the gain, but the gain depends mainly of the
transistor parameters, which are known to fluctuate a lot with temperature,
operating voltage etc., causing a gain variation of several decibels. Thus,
the receiver should be kept at constant temperature for several days and the
IF strip operating voltages well regulated in order to give reliable results.   

In order to compensate for the gain variation, in radio astronomy some form
Dicke radiometer is used, in which the receiver input is switched several
times a second between the antenna signal and a very well known noise sourse
(e.g. a resistor at 300 K or an auxiliar antenna pointing to a cold spot in
the sky). The receiver output is a square wave altering between the
reference level and signal of interest level and the difference between
these two levels are recorded.


Looking at the HF test signal for this experiment:
 
           a long dash (14 seconds) 
           CW-identification (25 wpm ON4UBA/B) 
           Idle period (5-6 sec)  

it would be very tempting to use the CW-id to compensate for any gain drift,
but unfortunately that would only give the difference between the received
beacon signal  (mark) and local background noise (space). Unfortunately, the
local noise level varies a lot, so this would only give a measure of the
signal to noise ratio, not the absolute signal level.

To get accurate measurements, a noise source of very precisely known output
would be required so that the receiver input could be switched several times
a second between the antenna and the noise reference. Unfortunately the
noise level at LF/MF/HF is so high that a resistor at 300 K would be useless
and some other form of calibrated noise source is required. A well shielded
pseudo random noise generator (CMOS or TTL) followed by an attenuator might
be useful.
 
If the a.g.c. can not be disabled, the IF-strip acts like an amplifier with
very fast gain drift :-). With fast enough switching between the reference
noise level and antenna signal, the a.g.c. time constant is so long that the
gain variation would be neglectable, thus the Dicke radiometer principle
could be used even if the a.g.c could not be disabled.

But as I said, using this method would require a calibrated noise source and
some extra hardware to switch the receiver input between the antenna and the
noise source, so it is understandable that this is not used in this experiment.

Paul OH3LWR

 



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: drassew2@interalpha.co.uk
Subject: Re: SV: LF: eclipse
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There is one saving feature if AGC cannot be turned off.  If the signal to
noise is low, say 10db or worse, then you can at least mesaure S/N using
this technique.  The technique may not necessarily be of value at LF / HF
where noise level is likely to vary with propagation, but where noise is
equipment dominated is certainly allows accurate measurements to be made.  A
few years ago I made propagation measurements on microwave beacons using an
8 bit A/D (before programming soundcards became easy) and used S/N of the
carrier in 3kHz as a measure of signal strength.

Andy G4JNT

>Forwarded from Rik Strobbe:
>
>>A software team from the Belgien amateur radio society UBA has developed a
>>programme that can be used to register the fieldstrength measurements. All you
>>need is a PC with Win95/98 and a soundcard. The audio output of the receiver
>>is fed to the input of the soundcard.
>
>AGC (which is present in most amateur receivers) will make such measurements
>almost useless (unless the AGC can be disabled).
>
>Please correct me if I'm wrong...
>
>73, Johan
>
>
>
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Mike Dennison" <mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk>
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Subject: Re: SV: LF: eclipse
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ON7YD wrote:
> >>A software team from the Belgien amateur radio society UBA has developed
> >>a programme that can be used to register the fieldstrength measurements.
> >>All you need is a PC with Win95/98 and a soundcard. The audio output of
> >>the receiver is fed to the input of the soundcard.

Johan wrote:
> >AGC (which is present in most amateur receivers) will make such
> >measurements almost useless (unless the AGC can be disabled).
> >
> >Please correct me if I'm wrong...


I now have this software (thanks, Rik for solving my download 
problem). It is just what I have been looking for as it plots the level 
of signal, and the noise level if the signal is not permanent. It can 
run for many hours and produces a small log file compared to the 
huge Spectrogram ones. An 8-hour overnight plot produced a 1M 
text file, with each dB measurement dated and timed, plus another 
file with much less info which is only 9k! I will post some graphs on 
my web site when I have figured out how to convert the text file into 
something that Excel can read.

It is obviously optimised for eclipse monitoring, but will be of 
immense value in monitoring distant LF beacons to discover by 
more scientific means when the regular enhancements are. This 
will be especially valuable with that signal from the US which 
comes up close to 137kHz at night - as this will give us a really 
good lead as to when a EU/US QSO might be possible (or when to 
have Spectrogram monitoring for the AMRAD beacon).

Yes, AGC can be a problem, but the program operates fine with 
the RF gain set well below the AGC threshold, so if the dynamic 
range required is low there should be no problem.

I recommend anyone interested in LF propagation to download this 
program - find it at www.uba.be






Mike



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: drassew2@interalpha.co.uk
Subject: LF: GBR at 16kHz
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In a previous EMail, Rik Strobe stated that the frequency of the GBR
transmission had moved from 16kHz to 15.75kHz.  This figure was in error.
The actual frequency is centred on 15.98 kHz ie 20 Hz low.

I spoke to the group of people responsible for this transmission and they
confirmed that is was moved slightly from 16kHz a few years ago when the
transmission changed from FSK modulation to MSK. The 16kHz had referred to
one of the two FSK tone frequencies and the designated frequency was changed
to centre the energy of the new signal in the old nominated passband.

The characteristics of the signal are are:

300 baud Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) at 15.980 kHz.   This can be seen by
using Spectrogram with 16K FFT and averaging set to 100.   The MSK produces
a wide Gaussian shaped main lobe, approximately 100 Hz wide at the 3dB
points, with deep nulls at +/- 150Hz.   It is these null that allow the
signals precise frequency to be measured as they are exactly symmetrical
about the centre.

Unfortunately, the absence of a carrier component, coupled with the wide
main lobe, precludes the long term phase monitoring I had intended to do by
mixing down to zero frequency then storing I/Q values at a 4Hz sampling
rate.  The various time transmissions at 60 - 77.5kHz remain the best
signals on which to demonstrate the Doppler shifts at dawn and dusk.   It
would be possible to use the GBR signal but would involve de-spreading the
MSK code - not a trivial task.

Pure amplitude measurements are of course still valid by taking the whole
signal in its 200 Hz bandwidth

Andy  G4JNT



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dick Rollema" <d.w.rollema@gironet.nl>
To: "LF-Group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Cc: "Koos Fockens, PA0KDF" <kfockens@worldonline.nl>, 
 "Klaas Spaargaren, PA0KSB" <k.spaargaren@wxs.nl>,
 "Jan Hekkert, PA3HCD" <jhekkert@ichthus.lifenet.nl>, 
 "Gerrit Jan Huijsman, PA0GJH" <gjhuijsm@gironet.nl>
Subject: LF: Fw: Antenna Software
Date: Fri, 6 Aug 1999 16:33:05 +0200
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To All from PA0SE

Some time ago you received  via the reflector the following correspondence
between  PA0SE and W7EL.

>-----Oorspronkelijk bericht-----
>Van: Roy Lewallen <w7el@teleport.com>
>Aan: Dick Rollema <d.w.rollema@gironet.nl>
>Datum: dinsdag 20 juli 1999 19:35
>Onderwerp: Re: Antenna Software
>
>
>>Dick,
>>
>>Only the professional versions of EZNEC (EZNEC-M and EZNEC/4) directly
>>report the ground wave. However, a reasonable approximation of the
>>ground wave field strength can be gotten by using the EZNEC near field
>>analysis. This is because the "near field" analysis actually calculates
>>the total field, both near and far, including the ground wave. The near
>>field analysis results are available only as numbers; they are not
>>plotted as a graphical pattern.
>>
>>Roy Lewallen, W7EL
>>
>>> Dick Rollema wrote:



>>> Dear Roy,
>>>
>>> Quite a few countries in Europe now have made the 136 kHz longwave
>>> band available to amateurs.
>>>
>>> Although at night some sky wave propagation may be present most of the
>>> contacts are made via the so called surface wave.
>>>
>>> I wonder whether EZNEC and ELNEC produce proper radiation patterns for
>>> that kind of wave propagation?
>>>
>>> 73, Dick, PA0SE



I use the antenna simulation program Antenna Optimizer by Brian Beezley,
K6STI.

This program also has the possibility to compute the near field and I
wondered whether this was also suitable for computing the field strength of
the surface wave.

I modelled my antenna system and let the computer calculate the electric and
magnetic component of the field. As Roy explained this must the total field,
near plus far.
For antennas on the surface of the earth outside the near field region only
the surface wave remains.

Only in the far field E/H = 377, in which E = electric component in V/m and
H = magnetic component in A/m. So this is a method to check whether you are
in the far field region or not.

For several distances (in metres) from the antenna I found the following:

Distance     E/H

  500            271

1000            338

1500            358

2000            366

2500            369

3000            371

3500            374

4000            375

This shows that my earlier statement is correct:  in order to obtain the
EIRP of a transmitter by measuring the field strength with a loop (or
ferrite rod) antenna a minimum distance of 3500 m is sufficient  for a
meaningful result.

73, Dick, PA0SE
JO22GD
D.W. Rollema
V.d. Marckstraat 5
2352 RA Leiderdorp
The Netherlands
Tel. +31 71 589 27 34
E-mail: d.w.rollema@gironet.nl



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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: drassew2@interalpha.co.uk
Subject: LF: Correction to GBR details
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Oops, 
In my last posting re. GBR details, the first pair of nulls in the signal
spectrum are at +/- 75Hz, ie 150 Hz APART   

Not at +/- 150 Hz

Andy  G4JNT



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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: drassew2@interalpha.co.uk
Subject: LF: GBR at 16kHz
Precedence: bulk
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Sender: <majordom@post.thorcom.com>

In a previous EMail, Rik Strobe stated that the frequency of the GBR
transmission had moved from 16kHz to 15.75kHz.  This figure was in error.
The actual frequency is centred on 15.98 kHz ie 20 Hz low.

I spoke to the group of people responsible for this transmission and they
confirmed that is was moved slightly from 16kHz a few years ago when the
transmission changed from FSK modulation to MSK. The 16kHz had referred to
one of the two FSK tone frequencies and the designated frequency was changed
to centre the energy of the new signal in the old nominated passband.

The characteristics of the signal are are:

300 baud Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) at 15.980 kHz.   This can be seen by
using Spectrogram with 16K FFT and averaging set to 100.   The MSK produces
a wide Gaussian shaped main lobe, approximately 100 Hz wide at the 3dB
points, with deep nulls at +/- 150Hz.   It is these null that allow the
signals precise frequency to be measured as they are exactly symmetrical
about the centre.

Unfortunately, the absence of a carrier component, coupled with the wide
main lobe, precludes the long term phase monitoring I had intended to do by
mixing down to zero frequency then storing I/Q values at a 4Hz sampling
rate.  The various time transmissions at 60 - 77.5kHz remain the best
signals on which to demonstrate the Doppler shifts at dawn and dusk.   It
would be possible to use the GBR signal but would involve de-spreading the
MSK code - not a trivial task.

Pure amplitude measurements are of course still valid by taking the whole
signal in its 200 Hz bandwidth

Andy  G4JNT



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: WarmSpgs@aol.com
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Date: Fri, 6 Aug 1999 12:34:24 EDT
Subject: Re: LF: eclipse
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If it may be any help in knowing what to expect from the eclipse, I can 
summarize some of the effects of the 1995 total solar eclipse over North 
America.

That one entered the US from Mexico over western Texas, tracked through 
Oklahoma, over southeast Kansas, through Missouri, then on up across the 
northern Midwest.  Given that I live in the southeastern US, this put the 
path of totality about 450 km to my northwest.  Extending that same line 
beyond the ground track another 450 km (give or take), one finds Fort 
Collins, Colorado, the home of time station WWV at five convenient spots in 
the HF bands, plus WWVB at 60 kHz.

Hence, totality fell dead-center between my QTH and a stable source of 
signals at several frequencies of interest.  I entered each of those in my 
receiver's memory, along with one of the (formerly) clear-channel MW 
broadcasters from Dallas, a few shortwave broadcasters (whose paths didn't 
cross the eclipse track) for reference, the CHU shortwave time signals from 
Canada (on the opposite side of the eclipse, but at a later time), and a few 
aeronautical beacons from the central states in the 200 - 400 kHz range that 
I can normally pick up at night.

I found that I could scan all of these, logging S-meter indications and any 
audible effects, in less than three minutes.  (This proved to be the source 
of considerable writer's cramp once the actual loggings were underway.  If I 
ever do this again, I will dictate into a tape recorder.)  I decided to 
perform the scans on a five-minute cycle during the main event, which would 
allow me to return to any frequencies of particular interest twice or more 
during that time on a case-by-case basis.  I began logging at 10-minute 
intervals from roughly two hours before totality reached the midpoint of the 
WWV/WWVB propagation path, to two hours after, switching to five minute 
intervals as soon as it appeared anything was happening.

And indeed it did happen!  The 2500 kHz and 5, 10, 15, and 20 Mhz WWV signals 
went through an approximation of sunset, night, sunrise, and daytime signal 
levels again, all in the space of just over half an hour.  The relative 
strengths of 15 and 20 Mhz were different for an extended period after the 
eclipse, although not having had another eclipse with which to repeat the 
experiment makes it impossible to say whether there's any significance to the 
observation.  Later, the CHU time signals underwent a similar night and day 
reversal.

On MW, there was distinct audible enhancement of the Dallas station, but it 
didn't move the S-meter into a useful part of the scale.  The LW aerobeacons 
were even less productive.  None of the reference shortwave broadcasters' 
signals appeared to be affected.

However, 60 kHz yielded quite dramatic results.  Well before and well after 
the eclipse, the WWVB signal was at its normal daytime level here, marginally 
above noise.  Almost 40 minutes before center-path totality, though, it faded 
out entirely!  It later returned, rising to nighttime levels (over 10 db 
above daytime levels) when totality was over the center of the propagation 
path.  After totality, it again faded to oblivion for a time, finally 
returning to daytime levels.  This seems to parallel the fade we normally 
experience from WWVB here at sunrise and sunset.

My guess would be that the longest, most profound effects will be seen below 
about 100 kHz.  Above that frequency, effects do occur where the eclipse 
track crosses the propagation path; but the higher one goes in frequency, the 
less change I'd expect to see in signals not directly crossing the track.

We'll see how it turns out in practice.  Good luck to all.

73,
John  KD4IDY


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Fri, 6 Aug 1999 13:03:24 -0400
From: "Dave Sergeant" <sergeantd@compuserve.com>
Subject: LF: Eclipse - QRN
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
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>From Dave G3YMC

Thunder static on the band today Friday is constant s9+20 with no gaps and
I can hardly copy DCF39 through it.  Presumably if it is like this next
week it will make monitoring difficult - although DSP can average out the
static, I expect it would have a hard time with today's conditions!

73s Dave


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sat, 7 Aug 1999 10:47:55 +0200
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: calculator for developing lopp-antennas
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From: "bernd grupe" <Bernd.Grupe@t-online.de>
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Hi all,
some om's got a problem when downloading the calculator from my website. Indeed 
there was a little bug inside the loop.exe-file. I corrected the software and 
put back a well checked new loop.exe.After loading and extracting, You'll get 
two files: loop.htm and loop.jar. Please start the file loop.htm with an 
internetbrowser like netscape or microsoft-explorer. Then the loop.jar-file will 
be actuated automatically and the calculator will appear on sreen. Choose cirle 
or square-shape of the loop and put in the parameters. Then push "calculate" and 
look for the results. Please excuse my mistakes and have fun so far...
73 de bernd, DF8ZR

ps: URL= http://home.t-online.de/home/Bernd.Grupe/homepage.htm;
page: Langwelle 



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sat, 07 Aug 1999 11:44:35 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: calculator for developing lopp-antennas
References: <m11D28x-0003YHC@fwd12.btx.dtag.de>
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Dear Bernd,

bernd grupe wrote:

> some om's got a problem when downloading the calculator from my website. Indeed
> there was a little bug inside the loop.exe-file. I corrected the software and
> put back a well checked new loop.exe.After loading and extracting, You'll get
> two files: loop.htm and loop.jar. Please start the file loop.htm with an
> internetbrowser like netscape or microsoft-explorer. Then the loop.jar-file will
> be actuated automatically and the calculator will appear on sreen. Choose cirle
> or square-shape of the loop and put in the parameters. Then push "calculate" and
> look for the results. Please excuse my mistakes and have fun so far...

Does not run here :(

Trying that from your webside online I got: 
"...Applet1 got a security violation: method verification
error"

Running Communicator 4.05, LINUX (Kernel 2.0.33) on P133
Intel platform.
Did you check it on UNIX platforms?

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Peter W. Schnoor wrote:

> Dear Bernd,
> [...]Does not run here :(
>
> Trying that from your webside online I got:
> "...Applet1 got a security violation: method verification
> error"
>
> Running Communicator 4.05, LINUX (Kernel 2.0.33) on P133
> Intel platform.
> Did you check it on UNIX platforms?
>
> 54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
> 73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


Hello Bernd,
Same here, won't run, same message , I am running WinNT
73
Andre'




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Message-ID: <Lepy6CAJ8Hr3EwNI@dennison.demon.co.uk>
Date: Sat, 7 Aug 1999 19:46:33 +0100
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Mike Dennison" <mike@dennison.demon.co.uk>
Subject: LF: 73kHz skeds?
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I have set my station up on the 73kHz band again and am looking for
skeds. I can use conventional or slow CW.
Any takers? Call me on 01707 331546.
-- 
Mike, G3XDV
www.dennison.demon.co.uk


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "M. Sanders" <misan@xs4all.nl>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: 72.00kHz tuning anyone???
Date: Sun, 8 Aug 1999 00:16:43 +0200
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Hi all,

Between 2145 and 2215utc a signal was seen with Spectogram on 72.00 kHz.
Varying slowly in strength, no call sign and then it stopped. I am 100% sure
this was no intermodulation in my receiver.

Anybody seen the same or knows wat i have seen?

73's and good luck on LF

Michael Sanders, PA3BSH
mailto:pa3bsh@amsat.org



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sun, 8 Aug 1999 06:18:49 +0200
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: OE-on air ?
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Hi Lowfers !
As to 0415z had no trace of the OE-Group here.Launched a CQ and got reply by 
df8zr.Kind of weak today .Anyone heard the OE-Group so far ?
de df2py



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From: "Heinz Schnait" <oe5eep@qsl.net>
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We've been on the air at 0330Z but only for a few milliseconds. We fired
up the transmitter! It's beeing repaired right now. Expect to be on the
air at 0600Z.

73 Heinz, OE5EEP



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Subject: LF: OE - Group is qrv !
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Hi Lowfers !
Just want to raise Your attention to the Austrian LF group.Just (0750z)worked 
them on 136.9 kHz with a good signal.Its a new one for most of us and the condx 
seem to be favourable.PA0SE and DK8KW much louder than usual today    
     good luck !  de wolf



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sun, 8 Aug 1999 07:18:36 -0400
From: "'Geri' Kinzel, DK8KW" <DK8KW@compuserve.com>
Subject: LF: Earth tests: NIL in JO52
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
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John,

sorry to report: no reception of your earth current transmissions on 71.85
kHz and 137.05 kHz today. My local noise level already was quite high. Hope
you get better reports from others!

Best 73

Geri, DK8KW (W1KW)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sun, 08 Aug 1999 12:28:56 +0100
From: "Steve Rawlings" <steve.rawlings@cableol.co.uk>
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Subject: LF: 136 kHz bandplan
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Hi All,
Over the past 3 weeks I've heard a lot of slow-CW (QRSS) activity on
137.1 kHz - a popular frequency for normal CW operation.

Yesterday morning (Saturday), I worked Geri DK8KW; Fred DJ5DI; and Gerd
DJ5BV on that same frequency.

Today, however, a weak QRSS signal is again on 137.1 kHz - making it
difficult to copy DX signals running conventional CW in the range 137.0
- 137.2 kHz.

I was under the impression that there was enough space for narrow-band
(QRSS) operation above 137.4 kHz.  Or is this no longer the case?

Regards to all,
Steve GW4ALG



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sun, 8 Aug 1999 15:33:58 +0200
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: loop-antenna-calculator; unix(linux,WIN-NT)
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Date: 08 Aug 1999 12:33 GMT
From: 0607144537-0001@t-online.de (bernd grupe)
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: calculator for loop-antennas;esp. unix(linux)-users
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Peter W. Schnoor and Andre'Kestelot wrote:

>Does not run here :(

>Trying that from your webside online I got: 
>"...Applet1 got a security violation: method verification
>error"

>Running Communicator 4.05, LINUX (Kernel 2.0.33) on P133
>Intel platform.
>Did you check it on UNIX platforms?

>Same here, won't run, same message , I am running WinNT

Dear Peter, dear Andre',

thanks for response, but I'm sorry, can't help you to fix the  specific bug. I 
have no possibility to check the software with unix(linux, WIN-NT) platforms. 
May be that platforms cannot read the html-file, because I stored this readable 
for WIN95/98. I put an additional trial-version for unix(NT)-users to my 
website. Try this one or download the loop.jar-file and write a copy of the 
loop.html by yourselfe (under unix-control). The netscape-browser did'nt allow  
downloading the loop.jar-file, but the internet-explorer from microsoft did the 
job right. Netscape was trying to start(smart-tune-up) this file, but it failed.
Hope anyone will send me a positiv reply, when he got success with 
WIN95/98.

There are some other java-files on my website:

page HF-Technik/RESONANZ-LIVE
page HF-Technik/LUFTSPULE-LIVE
page Messgeraete/r_code

If you won't get a problem with that files, the bug must be in the Calculator of 
course.That would make the search a little easier.


I'm looking forward for your results and will take the problem to the 
java-interest-group(internet). 
73 es gl de bernd,DF8ZR

ps: URL= http://home.t-online.de/Bernd.Grupe/homepage.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Heinz Schnait" <oe5eep@qsl.net>
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Hi all,

We had killed the transmitter at 0330Z after transmitting into an open
line. It was still dusk at this time and we must have gotten the coax
mixed up. I had to drive back home for a replacement transistor. We have
then been on the air from 0550Z to 0820Z.

QSO's have been completed with DJ2EY, DJ1ZB, DF2PY and DL1SAN. We have
heard IK5ZPV (CQing while we had no transmitter, rst 439) and DK8KW (at
abt 0700Z, rst 319). We have used two different receivers, a TS440 and
the FT1000MP, without the receiving converter. Both rigs did OK, the
FT1000MP had the better filters.

Conclusions: Always take a box of spare parts and a soldering iron with
you! Next time we will start at abt 0600Z, thats early enough for 136kHz
work!

Hear you soon!

73 Heinz, OE5EEP



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: DX Cluster postings to GB7DXM 7/8th August
Date: Sun, 8 Aug 1999 22:12:55 +0100
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Hi All, an interesting weekend, though quite a lot of static crunches in the
mornings. I heard a BIG signal from Lech G3KAU on Friday at about 2055Z on
136.76 despite the static. Saturday started reasonably quiet, a QRS cq from
DJ5BV on 137.70 'O' here, and just a little bit lower was Geri DK8KW at
0701Z
,0714Z znd 0725Z also 'O'. A nice signal from G3BDQ at 0815Z on 136.54khz on
hand keyed cw. G3KEV off the null of the loop at about the same time on
136.2
khz, and a big signal from John G4GVC at 0824Z, so strong I could see an hf
100Hz sideband. (Nearly as strong as Dave!! must be the rain on the earth!)
Lech G3KAU came up at 0909Z with a stonking great signal to work PA0LEG and
DF5DI. John G4GVC was heard again at 0944Z with a very much weaker signal, I
guess he must have tripped off the dormant TV (or whatever) earlier and was
getting SMPSU interference. If you find out where it is, John, you need to
suggest that they use the  on/off switch last thing at night. It saves a lot
of electricity and circumvents a significant fire risk (bit of good PR
that!!).

Sunday logs on the QRS front were again DJ5BV and DK8KW. I think Geri worked
DJ2LF at 0758Z at strength 'O', but I could not detect the other station.

G0AKN's Earth radio tests, nothing heard on 71.85khz (unless I had a bit
of finger trouble !) but there was a high level of drifting 50Hz hum
modulation
pulsing across the passband of the rx. Nothing heard initially on 136.15 khz
until I realised I had an unusual setting on the passband shift tuning
and the BFO. Correcting than and John's signal came in at just about 'O'
with
an integration time of 6secs on FFTDSP4. The sea-sea period gave about 3dB
better S/N indication on FFTDSP than the later sea-earth period. His 5wpm
cw was about 1-2dB S/N with an integration time of 1 second, and not
readable
out of the radio speaker. I have 3 GIF files of the signals I have offered
to John.

The Cluster spots do not seem to go so far back in history this week, I
think
there was a VHF contest so there may have been a purge before the weekend.
There were a couple of interesting postings during the week which I didn't
save, expecting them to be on the bottom of the list....sorry.
Postings to GB7DXM
G3NYK de GB7DXM    8-Aug 2018Z >
   136.6  G3KAU        8-Aug-1999 1931Z  cq
<DJ5BV>
   137.1  PA0MLC       8-Aug-1999 0955Z  (539)
<DJ5BV>
   137.0  G3XTZ        8-Aug-1999 0916Z  (539)
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  DJ5AO        8-Aug-1999 0845Z  cq slow-cw
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  DF8ZR        8-Aug-1999 0727Z  ! sri
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  DF9ZR        8-Aug-1999 0726Z  cq slow-cw
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  DF8ZR        8-Aug-1999 0727Z  ! sri
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  DF9ZR        8-Aug-1999 0726Z  cq slow-cw
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  DK8KW        7-Aug-1999 0716Z  cq slow-cw (549) ufb lf
signa<DJ5BV>
   137.2  G4GVC        7-Aug-1999 0711Z  (549) in qso with pa0se (569
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  HB9ASB       7-Aug-1999 0710Z  cq slow-cw
<DJ5BV>
   137.0  GW4ALG       7-Aug-1999 0640Z
<DJ5BV>
G3NYK de GB7DXM    8-Aug 2019Z >
  1800.0  DL3FDO       8-Aug-1999 1208Z  137.1 normal CW CQ
<F5MLP>
  1800.0  DL3FDO       7-Aug-1999 0900Z  137.7 Khz normal CW CQ CQ
sr<F5MLP>
  1800.0  DL3FDO       7-Aug-1999 0859Z  normal CW CQ CQ rst 509
<F5MLP>
G3NYK de GB7DXM    8-Aug 2020Z >
73 de Alan G3NYK
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com





From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Toni Bdrtschi" <tonib@phonakcom.ch>
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Subject: Re: LF: 73kHz skeds?
References: <Lepy6CAJ8Hr3EwNI@dennison.demon.co.uk>
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Hello Mike,
how about a cross band QSO 73/136 in Slow CW. 

73 de Toni, HB9ASB

Mike Dennison schrieb:
> 
> I have set my station up on the 73kHz band again and am looking for
> skeds. I can use conventional or slow CW.
> Any takers? Call me on 01707 331546.
> --
> Mike, G3XDV
> www.dennison.demon.co.uk


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From: "Mike Dennison" <mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk>
Organization: Radio Society of Great Britain
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Date: Mon, 9 Aug 1999 10:02:13 +0100
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Subject: LF: Weekend report 7/8 August
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An unusual weekend. I had to work most of the time, so little 
activity, except for listening (watching) for the earth tests from 
John, G0AKN.

Saturday 7 August:

Local noise on 136kHz in morning.

Tuned up antenna and Rx filter on 73kHz prior to Eclipse tests. Put 
out an e-mail inviting skeds.

Went to work.

Static bad later. Nil heard.

Phoned late evening by G0AKN asking me to listen for him in 
71.84kHz. Bad static. Thought I heard something but unsure. 
Computer monitor failed to synch because it had got hot, so no 
Spectrogram.

Sunday 8 August:

Local noise still on 136kHz.

Put out normal and slow CW calls on 71.9kHz.

Downloaded Spectrogram 5.0.9. I can confirm this is much better 
than 5.0. Not been able to compare properly with 4.2.6.5 but it 
seems at least as good.

Watched for G0AKN on 72.84kHz. Very weak occasional straight 
lines in the noise. Nothing positive.

I put out normal and slow CW CQs on the same frequency after the 
tests. No takers.

Re-tuned system to 136kHz - about 5 minutes. Immediately heard 
John on 137.05kHz at S3. Very good on Spectrogram. The second 
set of tests were slightly poorer than the first. John called me about 
some more tests at 1230UTC and these seemed the best. Well 
done! Distance not checked but must be 300km+.

See http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/g0akn.htm for seven 
Spectrograms. Note these are not yet linked from the rest of my 
site - put up in haste.

Also heard G3KAU at 5 9+10 9.







Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Mike Dennison" <mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk>
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Subject: Re: LF: 73kHz skeds?
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> how about a cross band QSO 73/136 in Slow CW. 
> 
> 73 de Toni, HB9ASB
> 

Ho Toni.

I would love to, but I think we have a better chance later in the year 
for the following reasons:

1)	I have been plotting the signal from HBG using ON5OO's 
excellent software, and it confirms what I had from casual 
observation. That is an 8-10dB enhancement when the path is in 
darkness. I will post some of these shortly on my web site. At 
present, either we must get up very early or battle with QRN at 
night.

2)	There are several improvements to be made to my antenna 
system which will give me a greater effective height and bigger 
capacitance hat. Both of these will have a greater effect on 73 than 
136.

3) My 73kHz erp at present is around 23mW, compared to about 
140mW on 136 so we will need all the help we can get.

Suggest we take another look at a sked around late September.

By the way, I will be doing some serious 73kHz work from west 
Wales in October, hoping to beat the two-way record which is 
about 180km at present. I expect to have a really stable oscillator 
(wow!) and will be able to send QRSs from a portable site in GW. A 
one-way to you, or a two-way cross-band would really be one for 
the record books at 1000km+, and very difficult to beat in the few 
months we still have the band (ends in June 2000). I have heard 
you on 136 from GW so that bit is easy!!!

By the way, I failed to get my report last time we worked on 
136kHz normal CW so would appreciate a call next time you hear 
me.

73


Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Message-ID: <37AEDA7D.82597A0E@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Date: Mon, 09 Aug 1999 15:41:17 +0200
From: "P. W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
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Subject: LF: Re: HBG75 [was: 73kHz skeds?]
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Hello Group,

Mike Dennison wrote:
 
> 1)      I have been plotting the signal from HBG using ON5OO's
> excellent software, and it confirms what I had from casual
> observation. That is an 8-10dB enhancement when the path is in
> darkness. 

Recording HBG75 last night: >10 dB enhancement here at North
Germany over night, impressive deep nulls right on
sunset/sunrise. I'm using a tuned ferrite rod for 75 kHz
reception since noise floor on Marconi is too high. HBG75 is
bearing approx. 200° from here.

Plot:
ftp://ftp.rz.uni-kiel.de/pub/nephro/nephlab/lp/08081728.gif

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Prof R. Jennison" <boffin1@compuserve.com>
Subject: LF: 73kHz sked
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
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Mike,
Welcome back to 73 kHz.  I was about to resign from the LF net - it is
saturating my little computer - but I received your message just in time. 
I have heard no fellow ham on the 73 band for ages and I thought that I was
destined to be alone on the band, apart from Harry Woodhouse, G3MFW.  Harry
received my 73 kHz signal in St Austel six months or a year ago and played
the tape back to me on the telephone (distance about 450km).  He then
determined to build a transmitter, which he has now done.  He also has an
excellent receiving system - far better than when he heard me many months
ago -  but now neither of us can hear the other.  We really miss an
intermediate station but everyone seems to be involved in the less
challenging activity on 136.  As you know, I have a slight hearing problem
but you may consider giving Harry a telephone call to fix a listening sked
or even a full QSO.  His telephone number is 01726 73608.  My own rig has
suffered somewhat from neglect and my radiated power is way down on what it
was a year ago, but I'm afraid that other matters have demanded my
attention and with no one else on 73 I've just let it decay!  Nevertheless
I'll probably put my beacon on throughout the eclipse period in case anyone
wishes to monitor the signal.  The frequency will be somewhere near 72 kHz.
 I can also switch it on at almost any time by request but I don't know
when have time to overhaul the system.
Keep the 73 flag flying whilst you can, Mike.
73 and all that,  Roger, G2AJV.






From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Soegiono, Gamal" <soegiono@nmex01nt.hsd.utc.com>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Donebach LF-BC-station profile (153kHz)
Date: Tue, 10 Aug 1999 10:01:03 +0100
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Hello all,

just retreived some technical data from german LF-BC-station 
in Donebach broadcasting the program of Deutschlandfunk
(alias Deutschlandradio Koeln). Perhaps the values listed here
are beneficial for field strength measurements.


======Donebach Profile Start========================
allocated frequency 153.0 kHz (+/- 4.5 kHz for audio sidebands)
attenuation at sideband boundaries -60dBc
attenuation beyond sideband boundaries better -80dBc

coordinates of the center of antenna system:
49N34 09E11 (degrees/minutes)

continuous operation 24 hours, 7days
daytime transmitter power = 500 kW
nightime transmitter power = 250 kW

at the moment (daytime saving time in effect = CEST)
daytime operation is from 03:00 UTC to 18:00 UTC
nightime operation is from 18:00 UTC to 03:00 UTC

during normal time (CET)
daytime operation is from 04:00 UTC to 19:00 UTC
nightime operation is from 19:00 UTC to 04:00 UTC


Antenna system comprises two masts of equal mechanical design.
total mast height 363 meters from ground level
masts are of the lattice type, 2m by 2m in cross section,
base is not isolated but directly grounded to a burried radial
system consisting of 60 radials 360m each.

The masts are guyed at 6 levels:

level-1 = 63m and level-2 = 120m
3 guy wires separated 120 degrees, isolators (7m) directly at the mast

level-3 = 180m and level-4 = 242m
3 guy wires separated 120 degrees, aligned in azimuth with guys
of level-1 and -2. guy wires are bonded to the mast inclining
53 deg and 45 deg respectively and have isolators (7m) after
150 m. So these guys act as capacitive loading.

level-5 = 308m
3 guy wires separated 120 degrees, aligned in azimuth 60 deg off
the guys of lower levels. The guys are directly bonded to the mast
incline exactly 45 degs down for a length of 250m where 7m isolators
breaking the remaining run to ground electrically. About 150m from
the mast feed wires are attached (one for each guy wire) which slope 
down to the mast base where all are bonded together to form the feed point
of the antenna. This level acts as part of a folded monopole
as well as capacitive loading.

level-6 = 343m
3 guy wires separated 120 degrees, aligned in azimuth with guys of
level-5. The guys are directly bonded to the mast, incline exactly 
45 degs down for a length of 165m where 10m isolators breaking the 
remaining run to ground electrically. So these guys act as capacitive 
top loading.

These two masts are separated by about 600m on a line beaming
111/291 degrees. Each mast feed has its own matching unit receiving
transmitter power from a power divider and phasing network located
at the antenna system's center.

During daytime operation, 500kW are fed to the mast on the western side,
the eastern side mast remains grounded at it's feed, acting as a passive
reflector.

During nighttime operation, 250kW are fed, asymmetrically divided,
to both masts. The antenna system acts like a phased array.

Following a simplified representation of actually measured
(on ground and by helicopter) Radiation patterns:

-----------------------------------------------------
Daytime Operation Azimuth Radiation pattern for TOA=zero!

nominal 500kW transmitter power

EMRP	Azimuth Sectors (east of north)
29dBkW	310-20 degs
28dBkW	 20-35 degs	190-310 degs
27dBkW	 35-42 degs	175-190 degs
26dBkW	 42-50 degs	160-175 degs
25dBkW	 50-60 degs	145-160 degs
24dBkW	 60-145 degs
-----------------------------------------------------


-----------------------------------------------------
Nighttime Operation Azimuth Radiation pattern for TOA=zero!

nominal 250kW transmitter power

EMRP	Azimuth Sectors (east of north)
26dBkW	335-5 degs	200-227 degs
25dBkW	  5-25 degs	190-200 degs	227-335 degs
24dBkW	 25-45 degs	180-190 degs
23dBkW	 45-55 degs	172-180 degs
22dBkW	 55-62 degs	165-172 degs
21dBkW	 62-67 degs	157-165 degs
20dBkW	 67-73 degs	150-157 degs
19dBkW	 73-76 degs	145-150 degs
18dBkW	 76-80 degs	140-145 degs
17dBkW	 80-85 degs	135-140 degs
16dBkW	 85-90 degs	130-135 degs
14dBkW	 90-130 degs
-----------------------------------------------------
======Donebach Profile End ==========================


73 de Gamal 






From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Andreas Tschammer" <webmaster@datelsoft.de>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: 3C85 where ??
Date: Tue, 10 Aug 1999 10:58:59 +0300
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Hi all,

does anyone have a source for the famous 3C85-cores? 
I prefer a german supplier - if there is one..

I could not find any info on the available 3C85 core-types
and order codes on the Philips-site. 
Does anyone have info on that? 


tnx + 73 
Andreas in Rheinbach near Bonn, JO30LO
DL2KCL



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Tue, 10 Aug 1999 16:07:46 EDT
Subject: Re: LF: 3C85 where ??
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Hi.

The Philips site is a little difficult to navigate, but there is an extensive 
list of distribtors including those in Germany.

Philips code the cores by Size so a large core would be  (to use the one in 
my amplifer as an example.)

                     TL 58 / 41 / 18

T   for toroid   L (cant remember)   58 mm outside diameter  41mm inside dia  
18 high.

You then specify the material as 3C85  or  3F3 etc.( 3F3 is better but is not 
available in this particular size of core)

  the above is good to 700 Watts

TN 26 / 15 / 10     in 3C85   should be OK to 100 Watts - maybe 150.

There is a 3F3 available at around 39mm dia and this looks good for anyone 
willing to experiment.


Good luck


David                                   <A 
HREF="http://www.g0mrf.freeserve.co.uk/projects/">G0MRF Projects</A> 


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From: "Steve Rawlings" <steve.rawlings@cableol.co.uk>
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Subject: Re: LF: 3C85 where ??
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Hello Andreas!

The location of the Philips 3C85 Data Sheet is:
http://www.acm.components.philips.com/pdf/3c85.pdf
   (a PDF file viewer, such as Acrobat Reader, is required)

At the above page you will also find details of Philips Components GmbH, Hamburg.

Details of a UK source for 3C85 ring cores can be found at:
http://www.cableol.net/alg/radio/136/comps.htm

Regards to all,
Steve GW4ALG





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From: "Toni Bdrtschi" <tonib@phonakcom.ch>
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In case of difficulties purchasing Philips toroids you may use Siemens
N30 cores as an alternative (I'm using a 58mm Core in my 500W LF PA). In
Germany you can get them from Schuricht.

73 de Toni, HB9ASB


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Message-ID: <37B123A5.F924C09D@cableol.co.uk>
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 08:17:57 +0100
From: "Steve Rawlings" <steve.rawlings@cableol.co.uk>
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Subject: LF: Measurement of loop antenna current
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Geri DK8KW recently asked me how much current I get into my antenna.  I
am ashamed to admit that, in all my 30 years as a radio amateur, I have
never sought to measure antenna current.

So the following describes how I set about calibrating a thermocouple RF
ammeter and the initial results when used to measure the current into my
loop antenna.  (Sorry Geri, measuring the current into my experimental
vertical will have to wait a few more days!)

The 3 ampere meter used for the measurement was re-discovered in my junk
box about 3 months ago, and is marked:
PAT. FEB.21,'22.
THERMOCOUPLE TYPE
AMPERES R.F.
ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY TYPE
Weston Electrical Instrument Corp.,Newark, N.J.,U.S.A.
MODEL 425

I calibrated the RF ammeter at 23 degrees C using a variable DC source
against a digital multimeter.  I initially found the RF ammeter to be
reading 'high', but was pleased to find that a meter shunt of 0.33 ohm
resulted in a readout error of not more than 0.1 A over the range 1 to 3
A (relative to my digital meter).  Even in the range 0 to 1 A (at the
compressed end of the meter scale), the meter gives a very useful
indication of current.

I then used the RF ammeter to measure the current in my loop antenna.
For details of the loop see:
http://www.cableol.net/alg/radio/136/loop.htm

The 65 m single-turn loop has a DC resistance of 1.7 ohm, but the loss
resistance of the ATU components is unknown.  When running 18 W from my
transverter, I find that the RF ammeter reads 2.3 A when inserted in one
'leg' of the loop (at the ATU end).  Although I don't know the actual
phase difference between the current and the voltage at that point, I
believe the figure of 2.3 A to be a reasonable approximation.

This initial result indicates the high currents involved when using loop
antennas on transmit - even at quite low power levels.  It also
emphasises the importance of using low resistance conductors for the
loop.  Indeed, my loop resistance of 1.7 ohm (DC) is rather high for an
antenna of this sort, and I will seek to reduce this significantly over
the next few weeks.  For example, the loop resistance of the loop
antenna used by Dave G3YMC is less than 0.1 ohm.  (For more details of
Dave's loop antenna, see:
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sergeantd/loops.htm

In practice, I regularly run 400 W into the loop and so the current will
be significantly greater than 2.3 A under those conditions.  Certainly
enough to fry the thermocouple!

Regards to all,
Steve GW4ALG
steve.rawlings@cableol.co.uk



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Tue, 10 Aug 1999 21:49:34 -0400
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Gilles Auger" <gauger@dsuper.net>
Subject: LF: Broadband Loop ?
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Hi 

The time is comming for me to make a good loop antenna that can

cover the 10Khz to 500khz band..

I have search the net for more informations, but nearly noting.

I have find a lot of informations for tuned loop but they are

limited to a small fraction of the 10 to 500 Khz !!! 

What king of preamplifier do you use for a balanced broadband loop ??

A low Z one ? 

What is the minimum size of a loop that can do the job ?

Thanks in advance for your collaboration and excuse my English *&%"


Gilles Auger  Montreal, Canada

gauger@dsuper.net



 


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From: "Dave Brown" <tractorb@ihug.co.nz>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
References: <37B123A5.F924C09D@cableol.co.uk>
Subject: LF: Re: Measurement of loop antenna current
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 22:01:45 +1200
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Steve & others

You  need to find the RF resistance of the loop at the working frequency to
see how the measured 2.3 amps compares with what you may expect for the 18
watt power level. There are several methods to do this but the easiest to
implement is the most obvious, use a scope to check the voltage across the
(measured and known)loop inductance and  see if Ohms Law still applies! The
scope ground can be an issue though.

 Another way is to use the incremental resistance method where you take the
resonating capacitance out of cct, maintain the source voltage constant and
measure the loop current, then insert a low value resistance in series with
the loop and do it  again. A bit of arithmetic and you have  the rf
resistance of the loop.  You may need to allow for the rf ammeter resistance
as well if using low powers and currents.

The same method can also be used to measure the total loss resistance for a
vertical tx antenna system although I have not done this personally as I do
not run a vertical antenna for TX. Others here in ZL have done so though.

 My loop antenna has a dc resistance of around 0.25 ohms  but the measured
rf resistance is up about 5 ohms at 180 kHz. This checks out against the
measured current on tx of  about 30 amps in the loop (measured using a
current xfmr arrangement) and the tx output power of around  750 watts, the
latter measured with a 30 dB Bird 1kW attenuator and calibrated spectrum
analyser.

Somewhere in there, all mixed up with the 5 ohms loss resistance in the
loop, is the rather meagre 0.00001 ohms or so radiation resistance of the
darn thing!! So all I am doing is providing a heated (well, vaguely so)
perch for the local  bird life!

73
Dave
 ZL3FJ



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From: "Finbar O'Connor" <beachwood@tinet.ie>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: re:Eclipse mon
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 13:23:02 +0100
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>

<META content=text/html;charset=iso-8859-1 http-equiv=Content-Type>
<META content='"MSHTML 4.72.3110.7"' name=GENERATOR>
</HEAD>
<BODY bgColor=#ffffff>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 
size=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
<FONT size=3>Eclipse Monitoring&nbsp; at Malin Head, 
Ireland.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>The following is a very 
non-tecnical monitoring of various frequencies during the period of the Eclipse, 
today&nbsp; 11th August 1999. Receiver&nbsp; ICOM R75, Antenna, my LF&nbsp; 136 
khz antenna, untuned.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>I tried to find a number of 
stations south of my qth, but rather than range over a wide frequency, I 
picked</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>one LF station, and the rest in the 
Medium Wave band. Broadcasters running relatively low power.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>1.&nbsp; The LF station was&nbsp; 
the power house on 138.8 khz. Starting at 0915 utc as the base line, this 
station </FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
remained stable until&nbsp; approx&nbsp; 1020 utc when its signal came up by 
about&nbsp; 6 db, then dropped back to&nbsp; </FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; its 
normal level by&nbsp; 1035 utc.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>2.&nbsp;&nbsp; One Medium wave 
broadcaster&nbsp; in Ireland on 540 khz , which is 250 km to the south was 
chosen as</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; its 
signal is extremely weak here, its supposed to be&nbsp; a 2kw rig but sounds 
more like 100 watts, even</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
driving by in its service area its very weak. The effect of the Eclipse on this 
signal was a nothing at </FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; all, 
even listening on up to 1100 utc. Surprising, but there you go, that's how it 
was here.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>3.&nbsp;&nbsp; Three broadcaster 
were chosen at the top end of the Medium wave band,&nbsp; 1602 khz&nbsp; BBC 
Radio</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
Kent,&nbsp; 1521 khz&nbsp; Fame 1521&nbsp; Reigate/Crawley, and&nbsp; 1476 khz 
County Sound Radio , Guildford.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; All 
three transmitters run low power, ie,&nbsp; 1602 khz&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 250 
watts,&nbsp; 1521 khz&nbsp; 1000 watts&nbsp; and </FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1476 
khz&nbsp; 500 watts. There were very definite effects on these signals, 
particularly&nbsp; 1603 khz.</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><FONT size=3>1603 khz&nbsp; up to&nbsp; 1005 
utc&nbsp; nil&nbsp; heard, however&nbsp; at 1007&nbsp; a Spanish broadcaster 
suddenly came up and </FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV>by 1013 utc&nbsp; was&nbsp; an&nbsp; s8/9 signal, very strong. By&nbsp; 
1025&nbsp; Radio Kent started to come up under the </DIV>
<DIV>Spanish station, with a distinct fluttery signal and the Spanish station 
dropping rapidly down to a low level</DIV>
<DIV>in the background until&nbsp; 1030 utc when Radio Kent took a sudden dive 
down to almost nothing. The two</DIV>
<DIV>by now very weak signal mixed with one another for a about 3 minutes until 
1035 utc, by&nbsp; 1036 the </DIV>
<DIV>freq was dead. NIL.&nbsp; The most noticable effect was on Radio Kent, 
whose signal , although quite readable, yes they too were nattering on about the 
Eclipse, was the fluttering effect on their signal, rapid and although their 
modulation was good the carrier never got above about&nbsp; s3.</DIV>
<DIV>Checked 1476 khz and 1521 khz from 0915 but not a trace of them.</DIV>
<DIV>1476 khz and 1521 khz. at&nbsp; about&nbsp; 1004&nbsp; both signals started 
to appear. By&nbsp; 1018&nbsp; utc&nbsp; 1521 khz was</DIV>
<DIV>an&nbsp; s6 ,&nbsp; at&nbsp; 1019&nbsp; 1476 khz was&nbsp; s7, by&nbsp; 
1023 utc&nbsp; 1521 was up to&nbsp; an s9, but&nbsp; 1476 khz was almost </DIV>
<DIV>nil. Both station took on this effect of rapid qsb, up and down from almost 
nil signal to&nbsp; at best s9, by</DIV>
<DIV>1028 utc&nbsp; 1476 khz was running a very good&nbsp; s7 up to&nbsp; 1031 
utc , but at&nbsp; 1035&nbsp; utc&nbsp;&nbsp; 1476 khz and 1521 khz were both 
dead and stayed that way.&nbsp; There was no fluttering effect on either of 
these signal, just rapid and very deep qsb.</DIV>
<DIV>Whilst tuning down to 1521 khz&nbsp; I noticed&nbsp; a&nbsp; s9&nbsp; 
signal on 1575 khz from a Spanish station at&nbsp; 1008 utc and again at&nbsp; 
1018 utc, an&nbsp; s8/9 signal.</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>As far a the visual effect of the Eclipse on our location, yes it did get a 
bit darker, much like when a heavy rain cloud appears, but nothing very 
dramatic, mind you it was very cloudy, so no sight of the Sun.</DIV>
<DIV>The garden birds seemed to ignore the whole thing, I certainly did'nt 
notice them fluffing out their </DIV>
<DIV>pillows or putting on their electic blankets for a quick kip. </DIV>
<DIV>As far as I can see from my atlas, those top end Medium wave broadcasters 
are about&nbsp; 700 km from my qth. From an LF viewpoint , there was a very 
definite increase in the 138.8 khz signal of about&nbsp; 6 db's</DIV>
<DIV>not quite as much a the effect on this signal under normal nighttime&nbsp; 
conditions when it goes up about</DIV>
<DIV>10-15 db's here.</DIV>
<DIV>Best regards</DIV>
<DIV>Finbar&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; EI0CF</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV></BODY></HTML>

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Message-ID: <37B1B766.FB856B79@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 19:48:22 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Eclipse - Effect on 75kHz...
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Hello Group,

Observing HBG75 during the eclipse on 75 kHz I found a great
effect:

Plot: 
ftp://ftp.rz.uni-kiel.de/pub/nephro/nephlab/lp/8-11day.gif

Time of maximum of eclipse (83%) here: 10:31 UTC. 

Antenna: Ferrite rod
RX: MV61 selective level meter (Thanks to DK8KW!)
Sampling rate: 1/sec.

Data are smoothed by means of a 300sec. Median-Filter with
ACE software.

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Message-ID: <Wiy1FAA7hbs3EwVT@dennison.demon.co.uk>
Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 18:52:59 +0100
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Mike Dennison" <mike@dennison.demon.co.uk>
Subject: LF: Effects of eclipse on HBG
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95% solar eclipse due at 1119 local (1019UTC). 

Viewed at work - unexpectedly cool, strange light (like looking through
polaroid sunglasses) and got dim but not dark. Very few clouds. 

Measured HBG on 75kHz at home throughout the day using ON5OO's software.
I expected a peak as the D layer absorption reduced.

Actual plot showed the reverse! Slight peak (+1dB) before and after, and
a double-humped drop in strength at eclipse time in UK (-5dB) and
Switzerland (-4dB) [Toni, can you confirm that this was 1037UTC?]. Are
there any scientists out there who can explain this. The path lay along
(or slightly north of) the line of totality.

The plot is on my web site.

-- 
Mike, G3XDV
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 19:10:14 +0100
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Mike Dennison" <mike@dennison.demon.co.uk>
Subject: Re: LF: Effects of eclipse on HBG
In-reply-to: <Wiy1FAA7hbs3EwVT@dennison.demon.co.uk>
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Furthe to my last message . . 
>Measured HBG on 75kHz at home throughout the day using ON5OO's software.
>I expected a peak as the D layer absorption reduced.
>
>Actual plot showed the reverse! 

Ah, of course. This is not puzzling after all. Any change showed the
presense of a sky wave that wasn't there outside the eclipse - it was
just out of phase with the ground wave.

-- 
Mike, G3XDV


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Wed, 11 Aug 1999 14:27:56 -0400
From: "'Geri' Kinzel, DK8KW" <DK8KW@compuserve.com>
Subject: LF: Eclipse - Effect on 75kHz...
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
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Hello Lowfers,

after a beautiful view onto the eclipse today (about 86% in Peine near
Hannover, the clouds just wen away around the time of the eclipse maximum),
also here I measured an interesting anomaly in field strength of HBG75,
from here south of the moon shadow path.

Why are there two maxima?

I ran two parallel methods of measurement, using the MV61's voltage output
as well as the program "Eclipse" by ON5OO.

Details can be found on my homepage

        http://www.dk8kw.home.pages.de

follow the link

        "Field Strength Anomaly of HBG75 on 75 kHz during the August 11,
1999 Eclipse"

What a day!


Best 73

Geri, DK8KW (W1KW)




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dave Brown" <tractorb@ihug.co.nz>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
References: <37B123A5.F924C09D@cableol.co.uk>
Subject: LF: Re: Correction to; Measurement of loop antenna current
Date: Thu, 12 Aug 1999 08:21:35 +1200
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Forget the numbers I quoted re my LF loop in previous posting; in defence
all I can say is I was first licensed in mid sixties and been member of RSGB
since 68. Draw your own conclusions!!!

 For some reason I keep forgetting that I actually have two conductors in
parallel in the loop. The 5 ohms rf resistance I quoted was the figure for
the original single conductor loop.  With two conductors in parallel the
figure is close to 1.25ohms.  Corresponding DC figure is just over 0.1 ohms.
The present loop matching xfmr has a 13 turn (50 ohm) primary and 2 turns on
the loop side secondary. Never been quite sure why it dropped to quarter of
what it was originally rather than just half.  Anyone else had the same
experience?

 Anyway the other figures are basically correct,  just under 25 amps loop
current for the 750 watt tx out figure. I do push it to 30 amps on occasions
but the poor old pair of 813s won't take too much of that!

73
 Dave
ZL3FJ



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "M. Sanders" <misan@xs4all.nl>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: RE: Eclipse - Effect on 75kHz...
Date: Thu, 12 Aug 1999 02:00:29 +0200
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Hi All,

During the eclipse I have monitored HBG75 with the UBA ON5OO software and
recorded more or less the same anomality. Mike, G3XDV was so kind to send me
his measurement files and i have combined our measurements in one graph.
There are still some unceirtenties that need to be cleared but the phenomena
is fascinating!

I would like to receive more data from HBG75 observations preferably in a
ON5OO format from 11/8/1999 between 09:00utc and 12:00 utc.

DK8KW wrote:
> also here I measured an interesting anomaly in field strength of HBG75,
> from here south of the moon shadow path.
>
> Why are there two maxima?

I think analysing and comparing the data from multiple measurements may help
us when we attempt to explain this complex phenomena.

Best 73's

Michael Sanders
Mailto:pa3bsh@amsat.org








From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Message-ID: <37B2744D.810F6573@cableol.co.uk>
Date: Thu, 12 Aug 1999 08:14:21 +0100
From: "Steve Rawlings" <steve.rawlings@cableol.co.uk>
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: Re: Correction to; Measurement of loop antenna current
References: <37B123A5.F924C09D@cableol.co.uk> <003e01bee437$206b7500$0200a8c0@test>
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Dave Brown ZL3FJ wrote:

> . . .   The 5 ohms rf resistance I quoted was the figure for the original
> single loop.  With conductor two conductors in parallel the
> figure is close to 1.25ohms.  Corresponding DC figure is just over 0.1 ohms.
> The present loop matching xfmr has a 13 turn (50 ohm) primary and 2 turns on
> the loop side secondary. Never been quite sure why it dropped to quarter of
> what it was originally rather than just half.  Anyone else had the same
> experience?

Many thanks for the information Dave.  I'll keep this in mind as I seek to
reduce my loop resistance from its present value of 1.7 ohms DC.   But now that
I know the magnitude of the RF current involved, I'm concerned that, once I have
reduced the losses, I will end up cooking the ATU tuning capacitors!

Electric field antennas present us with problems due to high voltage; and
magnetic field antennas present us with problems due to high current.  It's all
part of the fun, I guess . . . .

Regards to all,
Steve GW4ALG
steve.rawlings@cableol.co.uk



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dick Rollema" <d.w.rollema@gironet.nl>
To: "LF-Group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Cc: "Jan Hekkert, PA3HCD" <jhekkert@ichthus.lifenet.nl>, 
 "Hans Peltzer, PA0HRP" <peltzer@gironet.nl>,
 "Klaas Spaargaren, PA0KSB" <k.spaargaren@wxs.nl>, 
 "Koos Fockens, PA0KDF" <kfockens@worldonline.nl>,
 "Pieter Bruinsma, PA0PHB" <pieth@nikhef.nl>, 
 "Hendrik de Waard, PA0ZX" <hendrik@dewaard.demon.nl>,
 "Jaap Kroon, PA0IF" <jaapkroon@wxs.nl>, 
 "Ger van Went, PA0GER" <van.went@hetnet.nl>
Subject: LF: Signals of GBR16 and DCF139 during eclips
Date: Thu, 12 Aug 1999 12:26:31 +0200
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>

<META content=text/html;charset=iso-8859-1 http-equiv=Content-Type><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//EN"><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//EN"><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//EN">
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<BODY bgColor=#ffffff>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>To All</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>As requested by Jean-Jacques Delcourt, ON5PG, 
via Rik, ON7YD, I have measured the signal strength of GBR at about 16 
kHz.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>For comparison purposes I did the same on DCF139 
at 138.38 kHz.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>During the eclipse I measured every 5 minutes. 
Measurements before and after where made at random moments when I happened to be 
in the shack.</FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>The antenna is a vertical with topload, untuned. 
The antenna was connected to the high impedance input of a selective level meter 
PSM-5 made by Wandel &amp; Goltermann.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Bandwidth was 500 Hz</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><STRONG>Date&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Time 
(UTC)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Signal strength (millivolt)</FONT></STRONG></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 
size=2><STRONG>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
GBR16&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; DCF139</STRONG></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2><STRONG></STRONG></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>10/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0931&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
9.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>10/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1334&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
8.8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT><FONT 
size=2> 3.8 </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>10/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1439&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
10&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
4.0</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>10/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1737&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
11&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
4.1</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>10/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1859&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
9.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
4.8</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>10/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
2155&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
12&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
5.0</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0512&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
9.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
off air</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0640&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
10.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
off air</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0749&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
11.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; off 
air</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0816&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
10.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; off 
air</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0831&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
10.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
4.0</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0925&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
10.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0951&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
12.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1000</FONT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
<FONT 
color=#ff0000>13.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1005&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
14.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1010&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
15.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1015&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
16.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1020&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
16.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1025&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
16.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1030&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
16.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1035&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
15.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1040&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
15.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1045&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
14.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1050&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
13.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1055&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
12.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1100&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
11.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1105&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
11.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1110&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
10.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#ff0000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1115&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
10.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.9</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1140&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
8.8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1222&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
8.8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8</FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1333&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
9.2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.8&nbsp;</FONT>&nbsp;</FONT>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT><FONT color=#000000 
size=2>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1405&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
9.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
off air </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000>&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1534&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
10.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
off air</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>11/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1916&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
7.8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
off air</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>12/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
2233&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
2.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
4.5</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>12/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0315&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
9.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
3.0</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>12/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0612&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
10.0&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
off air</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>12/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
0725&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
10.5&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
off air</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>12/8&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
1000&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
9.4&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 
off air</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#000000>73, Dick 
PA0SE</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000></FONT></FONT></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT 
color=#000000>JO22GD</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#000000>52 09 40 
N</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#000000>04 31 23 
E&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#000000></FONT><FONT 
color=#000000>V.d. Marckstraat 5</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#000000></FONT><FONT 
color=#000000>2352 RA Leiderdorp</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#000000></FONT><FONT 
color=#000000>The Netherlands</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#000000></FONT><FONT 
color=#000000>Tel. +31 71 589 27 34</FONT></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2><FONT color=#ff0000><FONT color=#000000></FONT><FONT 
color=#000000>E-mail: <A 
href="mailto:d.w.rollema@gironet.nl">d.w.rollema@gironet.nl</A></FONT>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Andreas Tschammer" <webmaster@datelsoft.de>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: tnx for info 3C85
Date: Thu, 12 Aug 1999 21:23:11 +0300
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Hi,

thank you for the tips concerning the 3C85-cores. I think I will
try to get the Siemens N30-cores - as Toni supposed.

Hope to be qrv on lf soon !

73
Andreas, dl2kcl


-----Ursprüngliche Nachricht-----
Von: Toni Bärtschi <tonib@phonakcom.ch>
An: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Datum: Mittwoch, 11. August 1999 08:52
Betreff: Re: LF: 3C85 where ??


>In case of difficulties purchasing Philips toroids you may use Siemens
>N30 cores as an alternative (I'm using a 58mm Core in my 500W LF PA). In
>Germany you can get them from Schuricht.
>
>73 de Toni, HB9ASB
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "wireless" <wireless@rmplc.co.uk>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
References: <000d01bee4ad$42bfe520$d797b38f@w8k3f0>
Subject: LF: report on 1999 earth tests,  73, 136 and 1
Date: Fri, 13 Aug 1999 09:21:24 +0100
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ÿþ<


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Soegiono, Gamal" <soegiono@nmex01nt.hsd.utc.com>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: info rgd WWVB
Date: Fri, 13 Aug 1999 12:02:08 +0100
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Hello all,

on my search about LF stations found the following:

============================================================================
======
http://www.boulder.nist.gov/timefreq/wwvstatus.htm
============================================================================
======
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NIST Radio Station WWVB
------------------------------------------------------------------------
NIST Radio station WWVB is located on the WWV site near Ft. Collins,
Colorado. 
The WWVB broadcasts are used by millions of people throughout the United
States 
to synchronize consumer electronic products like wall clocks, clock radios,
and 
wristwatches. In addition, WWVB is widely used for high level applications
such 
as network time synchronization and frequency calibrations.

WWVB continuously broadcasts time and frequency signals at 60 kHz. WWVB does
not 
broadcast voice announcements, but provides standard time information,
including 
the year; time intervals; Daylight Saving Time, leap second, and leap-year 
indicators; and UT1 corrections by means of a BCD time code. In addition,
the 
60-kHz carrier frequency provides an accurate frequency standard which is
referenced 
to the NIST Frequency Standard.

The transmitted accuracy of WWVB is normally better than 1 part in 100
billion 
(1 x 10-11). Day-to-day deviations are less than 5 parts in 1000 billion 
(5 x 10-12). The BCD time code can be received and used with an accuracy of 
approximately 0.1 ms. Propagation effects are minor compared to those of WWV

and WWVH. When proper receiving and averaging techniques are used, the
received 
accuracy of WWVB should be nearly as good as the transmitted accuracy.

NIST Radio Station WWVB is currently undergoing major equipment upgrades.
When 
finished, the station will have three refurbished longwave transmitters
(formerly 
installed at U.S. Navy facilities), two refurbished 60 kHz antenna systems,
a new 
backup generator and emergency power supply system, and other new equipment
to improve 
signal strength and reliability. The upgrade has progressed in phases; the
first 
involved replacing the original LF transmitters with the first of the more
powerful 
refurbished units, along with rebuilding the first antenna system. This
phase raised 
the radiated power from 13 kW to 23 kW in December 1997. Next, an additional
transmitter 
was brought on-line to provide stand-by capability and improve broadcast
reliability. 
Additional improvements allowed for an increase in radiated power to 30 kW
by 
December 1998. The final phase of the upgrade involves installing a third
transmitter 
and refurbishing the second antenna system. Control systems will be
installed with 
the aim of operating two transmitters into two separate antennas
simultaneously. These 
transmitters will be broadcasting the same 60 kHz signal, but the result is
expected 
to be an increase in radiated power to 45-50 kW for the station. This phase
of the 
WWVB upgrade is expected to be completed by October 1999.

Click on the links below to see pictures of the upgrade and to check planned
service 
disruptions.

NOTE: On 6 August 1999 at 0130 UTC WWVB began broadcasting at 50kW (up from
27 kW) 
to test the two antenna system. During the week of 16 August and 23 August
the power 
will be reduced to 27 kW to complete work on the second antenna system. Any
changes 
to this schedule will be posted as soon as possible. Click on the "Status of
WWVB 
operations..." link below for additional information
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Status of WWVB operations/planned service disruptions
Pictures of the WWVB upgrade
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Questions? Click on the hyperlink to send mail: nist.radio@boulder.nist.gov
============================================================================
======

73 de Gamal







From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Mike Dennison" <mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk>
Organization: Radio Society of Great Britain
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Subject: LF: 73kHz correction
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Sorry, brain not working.

The frequency I will be transmitting on is 71.80kHz, not 72 .....

Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Mike Dennison" <mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk>
Organization: Radio Society of Great Britain
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Date: Fri, 13 Aug 1999 12:11:37 +0100
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Subject: LF: 73kHz QRS
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I will be transmitting on 72.80kHz, QRSs (3s dot length) at 
0900UTC tomorrow 14 Aug and Sunday 15 Aug. There will be 
some normal speed CQs from 0845UTC.

Any reports welcome.

Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "peter cleall" <peter.cleall@virgin.net>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: eclipse report
Date: Fri, 13 Aug 1999 20:26:35 +0100
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Thanks to everyone who commented on "Is anyone planning any propagation
experiments on136kHz or there abouts during the eclipse next week".

After your comments I decided  to study it, visually  and by radio
techniques at home (ON5OO software).

 Thanks Rik for the detail on the ON5OO software. Its working out very well.
I used the software to record the strength of the German station on 138 kHz
during the eclipse.

Location  Yeovil , Somerset , England
50deg 56.5 mins North and
2deg 39mins West


I am using  a 54 turn 38cm diam. square loop with 0.5cm spaced turns and
feeding  into a lowe 225 Rx set to SSB and 2200 hz  filter. This receiver
has a very good AGC system which cannot be switched off. For 2days before
the event I experimented to find the linear section of the AGC before the
signal hit the noise floor. I needed 30dB's switched in between antenna and
Rx tto acheive reasonable results.

On the 10th I took a recording which shows an 8dB increase during the
evening over the daytime figure with some qsb nulls. Recording was stopped
at appox 2130 GMT.

After the recording I left the RX on all night  for stability but switched
off the
computer.
In the morning to my horror no signal from Rx on138kHz.
Eventually I retuned to another station to prove Rx working.
Some time later 138 kHz signal returned, but seemed to be at least 20dB down
on my previous measurements.

Recalibrated the sound card and the software.
I was concerned about the station level would be switched during the
measurements.  So the eclipse data file had a calibration switching in and
out of -/+ 10dB at both the start and finish of the recording.

Eclipse results
0951 GMT 138 kHz increase in level starts
1002 GMT signal variable average about  3dB up, peaking 6dB  up
1025 GMT signal variable average about  3dB up, isolated peak  9dB up
1033 GMT signal returns to the pre eclipse level

The follow up must be to find time to build a RX with no agc.


Regards

Peter G8AFN




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sat, 14 Aug 1999 01:35:56 -0400
From: "Dave Sergeant" <sergeantd@compuserve.com>
Subject: LF: Various
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
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>From Dave G3YMC

No radio reports on the eclipse, but just to say that the visual eclipse in
Salzburg was superb (2mins 6secs of totality in (surprisingly) an
absolutely cloudless sky).  No pictures I have seen on TV or elsewhere do
justice to the sight.

Last Tuesday I had a pleasant evening with Heinz OE5EEP and he showed me
his 136 transmitter (with replaced FETs!).  It is encouraging that there is
growing interest in 136 in Austria and it appears there will be soon other
stations active.  Good luck with your transmit loop Heinz!

I note with interest the mails from Dave ZL3FJ on loop resistances.  His
estimated resistance of several ohms does not tie in with the experience
with my loop.  I have not measured the true RF resistance, but a good feel
of how it compares to the DC resistance can be found by the values of
matching components required in my capacitive match.  The loop has a DC
resistance of 0.1ohms - however the capacitor values indicate an RF
resistance of possibly 0.3ohms, no more.  If it had the RF resistance Dave
suggests the Q and hence the bandwidth of the loop would be much poorer -
bandwidth is around 200Hz.

I will try to do some more measurements and calculations to quantify the
resistance better, but it is my feeling that at 136 skin effect is an
insignificant effect.  Possibly it is more significant at 180kHz.

73s Dave G3YMC
sergeantd@compuserve.com


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Andreas Tschammer" <webmaster@datelsoft.de>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: my eclipse report
Date: Sat, 14 Aug 1999 18:47:58 +0300
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Hi,

on wednesday I tried to reach the totality-zone in Germany but failed to 
get there (I only made 160km in 4 hours  hi)..

During the day my PC sampled the signal-strengths of several LW/MW-
transmitters. The measurements can be found on my homepage:

http://www.datelsoft.de/dl2kcl/page3.html


73
Andreas in Rheinbach, dl2kcl



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: G0MRF@aol.com
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Date: Sat, 14 Aug 1999 19:28:22 EDT
Subject: Re: LF: Various
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In a message dated 14/08/99 06:45:18 GMT Daylight Time, 
sergeantd@compuserve.com writes:

<< From Dave G3YMC
 
 No radio reports on the eclipse, but just to say that the visual eclipse in
 Salzburg was superb (2mins 6secs of totality in (surprisingly) an
 absolutely cloudless sky).  No pictures I have seen on TV or elsewhere do
 justice to the sight. >>

Quite agree Dave.     I was also lucky at my eclipse location mid way between 
Rouen and Abbeville.
A 450 mile day trip (and three times the normal price on the Shuttle!)  But - 
what a day.

See you in Zimbabwe 2001

73

David  G0MRF


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sat, 14 Aug 1999 22:18:04 -0400
From: "Andre' Kesteloot" <akestelo@bellatlantic.net>
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Subject: LF: Ozone and LF Propagation
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Just in case some of you have not read it yet, the Spring 1999 issue
of Communications Quarterly features a thought-provoking article by Dr
Robert Brown NM7M, on "Atmospheric Ozone". (pp.97-103)

Quoting from his conclusion: "...there can be little doubt that
atmospheric ozone plays a role in LF propagation because of its
connection to processes in the lower-D  region and the fact that ozone
can block UV radiation from reaching that altitude range at sunrise.
[...] ozone shadow has an effect, to some degree or other, every day
of the week, month or year, and requires no special solar or magnetic
activity."

73
Andre'  N4ICK




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: G0MRF@aol.com
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Date: Sun, 15 Aug 1999 06:37:31 EDT
Subject: Re: LF: 73kHz QRS
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In a message dated 13/08/99 12:25:40 GMT Daylight Time, 
mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk writes:

<< I will be transmitting on 71.80kHz, QRSs (3s dot length) at 
 0900UTC tomorrow 14 Aug and Sunday 15 Aug. There will be 
 some normal speed CQs from 0845UTC.
 
 Any reports welcome.
  >>

Received Mike's signal over a 40km path.
I had forgotten how difficult 73k was.  - Station No 7 heard on 73k

An uncompressed screenshot from spectrogram has been added to the "LF on The 
Air"  page on my web site. <A 
HREF="http://www.g0mrf.freeserve.co.uk/projects/">G0MRF Projects</A>

73       David. 

 


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: No Cluster postings so Alan,s Ramblings & a new waterfall program
Date: Sun, 15 Aug 1999 23:23:53 +0100
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Hi all, disappointment this week I am afraid, there is a big NIL on postings
to the local cluster. The system was rebooted on Friday by the look of the
banner. This was probably due to local thunderstorms and power glitches, but
no postings to either 136 or 1800..

Not a great deal of personal logging done either. On Friday evening at abt
2000Z, I heard Lech G3KAU (who could miss him!!) working Dave G3YMC
....sorry
still can't hear you Dave. At least it shows my rx set-up is consistent
(even
if its consistently poor)

On Saturday no QRS logged, and at 0900Z I went to listen for Mike on
71.8kHz.
Sad to say nothing heard, but I did have a highish noise level on that
frequency. This was a sweeping 50Hz modulated signal which gave a
herringbone
effect on the waterfall display. Probably local but not under my control, as
I
switched everthing in sight off. Listened again on Sunday for Mike but again
not the faintest sign from him. I obviously need to do more work on the 73k
loop.

Sunday
Heard ON4ZK on QRS calling .....PV at 0925Z but no sign of a 2nd over, I
guess this was a sked with Marco. G3XTZ worked PA0CC at 0845 on normal cw,
and heard Dick PA0SE calling cq later. It seemed fairly quiet here and I
was surpprised at what seemed a low level of activity, probably the holiday
season effect.

Remembering the comments about detuning 'T' aerials and longwires when using
a loop for rx, I thought I would recount a silly episode from this weekend.
I
often get a low level of 70Hz harmonics from the VGA monitor displaying on
the waterfall (FFTDSP4). I have used this a a confidence booster that the
sensitivity is normal. The comb is not audible but would be 'M' as a QRS
signal. Because of the lightening I disconnected the local TV and
2m co-linear feeders and connected them to the central heating rad (probably
not a good idea if I ever do get a main strike!) I became aware that the
noise level on the AOR 7030 reduced if I connected the RF ground to an
earthed
unused computer chassis (good!). Reading the manual a little more carefully
it has separate RF and DC/Audio grounds. A little later I reconnected the 2m
co-linear to the 2m FM rig and found that the 70Hz comb reappeared.
The rig is fed from a 12v psu which is earthed (and metal cased, passes PAT
test), but neither the +12v or return side are actually bonded to ground. A
little further checking showed that the comb was getting into the rx via
some
common coupling in the mains earth, because removing the psu plug also
removed the
comb. I also noticed changes in noise level as I moved wires near a 4 way
distribution block. It just goes to show that a good RF earth is important
for RX as well and some care in routing leads and power feeds will pay off.
Signal levels do not seem to have declined, but it seems as though the
evening noise level which could be affected by TV/Video PSUs seems to be
less
troublesome, at least on 136. I had expected to have trouble with earth
loops
around the RX to computer connections, but these have not surfaced. I also
came across a commercially produced (but not moulded plug) 'IEC lead' that
did not have a through earth connection (that one slipped though my PAT
test!) This gave me a tingle when I went to connect up the audio from the rx
to the computer sound card on the machine it was powering. SO BE CAREFUL, I
GUESS IT COULD HAVE COST ME A SOUND CARD, if I had not realised the problem.
I have seen 2 core moulded cable advertised, probably for use with
'double-insulated' kit, but I am not sure whether you can tell this just by
looking at it.

I have also downloaded a copy of Spectrogram 5.09 and was hoping to run it
on a 2nd computer, in parallel with FFTDSP4. (pity there were not more qrs
signals this weekend)
I did a test with a locally generated weak signal, and found that the
indicated S/N on Spectrogram was about 10dB better than FFTDSP4. That was
with a 1.3 Hz resolution on 'gram and 2Hz on FFTDSP4. I must admit the
screen
did not look that much better. I look forward to a longer test.

My parameters were 5K6/16bit/mono,60dB,200mS,4096, 300-644, avg=1. I found
that unattended logging uses an enormous amount of disc, and I prefer FFTDSP
for this purpose (12 hours is abt 25Meg) It will be interesting to get
pictures for a weak QRS station to compare, particularly as you seem to be
able to reprocess the 'gram file with different parameters.

I have also found a shareware package (30days) called Analyser 2000 from
Brownbear
Software (German). Their download version runs for 15mins per session. There
are some nice facilities but I did not find out how to 'tune' the zoom to
the part of the
audio spectrun where the signal was! The registration fee is $98 and a
'machine ID' must be provided, which could be a little expensive if you want
to use it /P on a laptop as well.
The URL is http://members.aol.com/btf1


73 de Alan G3NYK
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com





From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Mike Dennison" <mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk>
Organization: Radio Society of Great Britain
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Subject: LF: Weekend report 14/15 August
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Very little radio this weekend as I had to work both days, but what I 
did proved useful.

Saturday 14 August

Very low noise, but no time to enjoy it.

Spent 15 minutes on 136kHz. Worked PA0LEG (gave 329, got 
449). A new station worked two-way (nr 44).

Publicised tests on 71.8kHz. Called CQ at 0845UTC in normal 
CW, followed by extremely slow CW (QRSs) between 0900 and 
0925. Nothing heard/seen.

E-mails from PA3BSH and G0MRF who were both watching for my 
73kHz signals using Spectrogram. No success. 

Sunday 15 August 

Another test on 71.8kHz, same as yesterday.

My signals seen by G0MRF, 45km away. He is the sixth station to 
receive me on 73kHz. 



Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Mike Dennison" <mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk>
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Subject: Re: LF: Solar Flare on LF...
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DF3LP wrote:
> Recording HBG75 (75 kHz) over the whole last week I found a
> strong anomaly at Saturday, 14th. I observed a steep
> increase of field strength (9dB) followed by a smooth
> decrease looking like a typical exponential function.
> Looking to sites offering geomagnetic data I could not
> explain it. So my first assumption was that it could have
> been an artefact.
> 
==snip==
> J.J.Delcourt from RMI gave the explanation: It was the
> influence of a Solar Flare on LF propagation. (Thank you!) I
> never observed this before...
> 

Wow! Now if that sort of anomoly can be caught in time, it could be 
well worth using for a QSO - even with extremely slow speed CW.

This sort of sudden peak in signal strength has been reported 
before, when listening to amateur signals. May be the same effect.



Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 16 Aug 1999 17:52:31 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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Subject: LF: Solar Flare on LF...
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Hello Group,

Recording HBG75 (75 kHz) over the whole last week I found a
strong anomaly at Saturday, 14th. I observed a steep
increase of field strength (9dB) followed by a smooth
decrease looking like a typical exponential function.
Looking to sites offering geomagnetic data I could not
explain it. So my first assumption was that it could have
been an artefact.

Expanding the graph to higher zoom level showed the typical
weak 60sec. rhythm of HBG due to my short integration time
in front of the A/D-Convertor (time constant 2.6sec.). So
I'm sure that it was the signal of HBG and not any kind of
noise source.

J.J.Delcourt from RMI gave the explanation: It was the
influence of a Solar Flare on LF propagation. (Thank you!) I
never observed this before...

A plot of this event can be found there:
ftp://ftp.rz.uni-kiel.de/pub/nephro/nephlab/lp/solarflare.gif

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "M. Sanders" <misan@xs4all.nl>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: RE: Solar Flare on LF...
Date: Mon, 16 Aug 1999 22:05:07 +0200
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Hi All

This effect is als known as the Moegel-Dellinger effekt or SWF (Shorwave
Fade Out). A German language description can be found in the Rothammels
Antennen Buch chapter 2.3.2.2. Ionosphaerenstoerungen. This text confirms
the effect as a D-layer disturbance caused by solar flares. The intense
radiation increases the ionisation in the D layer. The HF radio signals do
not reach the E or F layers due to increased absorption (fade-out). The LF
signals increase as they reflect better against the bottom of the D-layer
when the refraction index (ionisation density) increases. The same physics
apply to LF/HF as to visible light. Chaos theory and the behavour of other
gasses (water-vapour, ozone etc) in the earth atmosphere make it hard form
me to beleive the D or E layers are homogeneous. This may account for
'local' observations, measurement variations as well as different effects at
different observation distances. Short distances observe mainly groundwave
effects and there is a minimum distance for the 'first-skip' from refelction
against the D layer. The minimum skip distance is a measure for the hight of
the D layer and the refraction index. There is a poor reflection at a high
angle.

Looking at the data collected during the eclipse on the internet pages gives
food for thought!  May be there have been made recordings of some more
'anomalities'? I have received HBG75 eclipse measurement data from other
amateurs. Will put some combined graphs and an analysis on my homepage soon
and ask for comments via the reflector.

Does anyone have information about the temperature effect from an ecliipse
observed in the ionosphere between 50km and 150km hight?

73's

Michael Sanders, PA3BSH
mailto:pa3bsh@amsat.org


> -----Oorspronkelijk bericht-----
> Van: majordom@post.thorcom.com [mailto:majordom@post.thorcom.com]namens
> Peter W. Schnoor
> Verzonden: maandag 16 augustus 1999 17:53
> Aan: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
> Onderwerp: LF: Solar Flare on LF...
>
>
> Hello Group,
>
> Recording HBG75 (75 kHz) over the whole last week I found a
> strong anomaly at Saturday, 14th. I observed a steep
> increase of field strength (9dB) followed by a smooth
> decrease looking like a typical exponential function.
> Looking to sites offering geomagnetic data I could not
> explain it. So my first assumption was that it could have
> been an artefact.
>
> Expanding the graph to higher zoom level showed the typical
> weak 60sec. rhythm of HBG due to my short integration time
> in front of the A/D-Convertor (time constant 2.6sec.). So
> I'm sure that it was the signal of HBG and not any kind of
> noise source.
>
> J.J.Delcourt from RMI gave the explanation: It was the
> influence of a Solar Flare on LF propagation. (Thank you!) I
> never observed this before...
>
> A plot of this event can be found there:
> ftp://ftp.rz.uni-kiel.de/pub/nephro/nephlab/lp/solarflare.gif
>
> 54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
> 73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP
>
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Geri...good copy QRS at 1612Z
Date: Mon, 16 Aug 1999 23:29:37 +0100
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Hi Geri....good copy of your qrs transmission despite a local thunder storm!
I was using FFTDSP4 and Spectrogram simultaneously on 2 computers. FFTDSP
was chopped up by the crashes which I think may be something to do with an
AGC effect either on the card or in the program (the 'auto' palete). Despite
some large crashes from strikes within abt a couple of km, I was able to
copy your CQ and call perfectly and without guessing on Spectrogram 5.09. I
must say I am very impressed. The only thing I have not yet got to grips
with is the 'picture saving' ...the BMP file which was the best screen shot
was just too big...I guess its got to be .JPG format to mail to you. I do
not seem to be able to rescan the wav file and save a jpg from it.
Hear you again under less 'hair raising' conditions! 73
Cheers de Alan G3NYK
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com




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From: "wireless" <wireless@rmplc.co.uk>
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Subject: LF: my test
Date: Tue, 17 Aug 1999 08:37:02 +0100
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Thanks for listening for us, Geri.  I got 227 miles, to Ipswich on 136kHz.
We'll try again on 73 and 136 sometime.

73
John Taylor  G0AKN
earth@wireless.freeserve.co.uk




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Subject: LF: psk31
Date: Tue, 17 Aug 1999 09:04:07 +0100
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Just a note that psk31 also works well with Windows 3.1 on my old 486 - 8MB
RAM and 66 MHz.
73
John Taylor  G0AKN
earth@wireless.freeserve.co.uk




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Clifford Buttschardt" <cbuttsch@slonet.org>
To: "wireless" <wireless@rmplc.co.uk>
Cc: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: psk31
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Excellent information John.  I have just that configuration but have yet
to try an installation with a newer 16 bit card.  Did you find any
"quirks" to avoid?   Cliff K7RR


On Tue, 17 Aug 1999, wireless wrote:

> Just a note that psk31 also works well with Windows 3.1 on my old 486 - 8MB
> RAM and 66 MHz.
> 73
> John Taylor  G0AKN
> earth@wireless.freeserve.co.uk
> 
> 
> 
> 



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Mike Dennison" <mike.dennison@rsgb.org.uk>
Organization: Radio Society of Great Britain
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 12:39:36 +0100
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Subject: LF: Solar Flares
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For those wanting to correlate solar flares with enhancements in 
sky-wave reception at LF, may like to look at:

http://moondog.astro.louisville.edu/flares/info.html


Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 14:44:55
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: LF: high power class E transmitter
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Charmed by the simplicity (only 4 components) and the high efficiency of
class E amplifiers I decided to do some experiments with these.
As background I used a very good article by Bill Cantrell, WD5CVG, that is
available on internet at :
http://www.qsl.net/k3pgp/Notebook/Wd5cvg/Classetx/classetx.htm

A low power version running on 12V and with the antenna simulated by a
330pF (silver-mica) capacitor and a 50 Ohm resistor had 1.6W output and an
efficiency of about 96%. 
The only drawback was a rather poor harmonic surpression of about 25dB,
what would make an additional LPF nessecary (increasing the number of
components needed from 4 to 7 or even 9) at higher power (to keep the
neighbourgs happy).

As next step I calculated the required values for a 500W version, and there
comes the disadvantage of this design :
Having a loss resistance of about 130 Ohm I will need a 336V power-supply.
For less loss the required voltage decreases but still remains high (294V
for 100 Ohm, 208V for 50 Ohm). As the voltage over the FET and
shuntcapacitor can be up to 4 times the supply-voltage I would also need a
1.4kV FET what makes the cheap power-FET's useless.
If I want to use my existing 56V/750W PSU I have to limit the load to 3.6
Ohms (to get 500W power), what means that I will need a 1/36 power
transformation (either doing this in some LPF stages or using a 1/6
transformer).
But I'm afraid that including LPF (for harmonic surpression) and impedance
matching will decarese the efficiency close to values that I have right now
with my 'G3YXM-type' PA (= 85%).

So I wonder if someone already has experience with a high-power class E
amplifier ?

73, Rik


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 21:27:59 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: Solar Flares
References: <E11HRfW-0004nd-00@mserv1c.u-net.net>
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Hello Group,
Hi Mike,

Mike Dennison wrote:
> 
> For those wanting to correlate solar flares with enhancements in
> sky-wave reception at LF, may like to look at:
> 
> http://moondog.astro.louisville.edu/flares/info.html
> 
> Mike, G3XDV (IO91VT)
> http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm

Thank you!

Main sources of information here are:

http://sec.noaa.gov/ace/ACErtsw_home.html
and
http://www.sel.noaa.gov/today.html

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Class E...to SM6LKM
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 15:30:11 +0100
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Hi Johan, sorry for not replying sooner. Yes I would like a copy of the ZIP
file you have of Class E articles. I shuddered a little at the thought of
downloading a 3meg e-mail, but my system is working a lot better now I
replaced the modem.
What is activity like in Sweden?? I dont think we have heard any SMs yet. I
should be fairly well placed as I am near to the North Sea coast, aand quite
often leave spectrogram or FFTDSP4 running for long periods on the top 300Hz
of the 136 band. If you are still very limited on power I could easily wind
out the averaging and listen for 20sec dots or whatever.
73 de Alan G3NYK
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: re Class E amp....Rik`
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 22:38:39 +0100
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    Hi Rik that is an interesting article. I haven't had the chance to
compare the formulae yet, but the article I was offering around was a
slightly later version of Ref 8. I think the parameters in the network may
have been optimised a little better by the time the later article was
written.

 It is probably unfair to compare the output after all the filters when you
are expecting  to loose 15% of the power in the matching and filter network.
The advantage I would see is that the dissipation in the fets would be
minimised. I also think that Dave's design seems to be particularly good, as
from the comments that are made by people who have constructed copies, it
does not seem to suffer from a lot of the instability problems that can
occur with push-pull class D systems. A 'selling point' made by Sokal is
that the class E circuit is virtually bombproof, even if you change
transistors, it is very insensitive to device parameters, because the active
device is only being used as a switch. He also makes the point on simplicity
that it is an inherently single ended design, I suppose this has trade-offs
in the level of harmonics.

I will be fascinated to see some really high power design using this
technique. I believe the circuit on page 4.5 of the LF Sourcebook attributed
to Roger ZL2RX is a Class E design, but there are not enough on the
component values to check against Sokal's equations. Some of the comeonents
look as if they were 'to hand' rather than being calculated values. It has a
novel point that the choke, series inductor, and step-up transformer are
wound on the same ferrite rod core. On the other hand, bearing in mind what
has been said about the losses in some ferrite, that may be where some of
the power has gone.
All good stuff, get the blow-torches going chaps
73 de Alan G3NYK
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: G0MRF@aol.com
Message-ID: <6d33332c.24edec69@aol.com>
Date: Thu, 19 Aug 1999 19:25:29 EDT
Subject: Re: LF: high power class E transmitter
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
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Hello Rik and all.

I've recently been working (during my 9-5) on some medium wave transmitters. 
For reference material I've been looking at the Harris DX25U which uses  
IRFP350 power mosfets in class D with 230V DC to generate 25kW carrier and 
100kW peak.

claimed efficiency for the PA alone is 92 - 97%  with the whole TX operating 
at 85%.
This seems to be the same as all the other class D circuits we're used to on 
LF.

For interest:
The PA has 64 amplifier modules combined.    1 module = 1kW+
The combiner has multiple toroids threaded onto a large copper bar.
Modulation is 12 bit digital which then switches the drive to the modules on 
/ off
PA circuits available if interested.

73


David 


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Subject: LF: temporary qrt
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Hi Lowfers !
I will retire from LF for a while,as i am tied up in building a 3 el phased 
array for 160m and my LF antenna tower will be used as a reflector for it.
good dx !     de wolf df2py



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Message-ID: <37BCF53B.E48012A6@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Date: Fri, 20 Aug 1999 08:27:07 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: high power class E transmitter
References: <3.0.1.16.19990819144455.3d4776e4@mail.cc.kuleuven.ac.be>
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Hello Group,
Hi Rik,

Rik Strobbe wrote:
> 
> Charmed by the simplicity (only 4 components) and the high efficiency of
> class E amplifiers I decided to do some experiments with these.

Not at power levels >200Watts.

> So I wonder if someone already has experience with a high-power class E
> amplifier ?

I know this article. Running class-E is not a question of
high voltage at first. Class-E means to load a current fed
switch (here MOSFet and choke) such that Ud AND dUd/dt at
switching time are BOTH zero ("soft landing"). This is the
key to class-E!

So you have to deal with impedance i.e. "right" phase shifts
at input of your output network. What kind of output circuit
you want to use doesn't matter if it provides "soft
landing". Of course this is easier to achieve at somewhat
higher voltages. Class-E designs are very robust since of
it's high capacitance at load. I killed most Fets from Gate
side (Ugmax +-20V...). 

I observed the following:
One disadvantage is that due to the low resonance
frequencies of the output filter circuits the class-E design
has a tendency to "stutter" on sub harmonics if mismatched
to the "inductance plane" of the smith diagram. But I never
observed this, mismatching the PA  resistively only.

I collected some other articles on class-D/E (the well known
QST article included) there:
ftp://ftp.rz.uni-kiel.de/pub/nephro/nephlab/lp/MosFet-PA/
Look for: ClassE.pdf, PA_10MHz.pdf, QST.pdf, RFdesign.pdf.
(Acrobat Reader or clone required...)

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Graham Phillips" <g3xtz@rgcomms.demon.co.uk>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
References: <6d33332c.24edec69@aol.com>
Subject: Re: LF: high power class E transmitter
Date: Fri, 20 Aug 1999 18:56:13 +0100
Organization: rgcomms
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Hi David,

I am most interested in any info on the Harris DX25U ... is it am AM TX,
using Pulse-width modulation by any chance ?

Best wishes

de

Graham B. Phillips - G3XTZ.
g3xtz@rgcomms.demon.co.uk
----- Original Message -----
From: <G0MRF@aol.com>
To: <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Sent: 20 August 1999 00:25
Subject: Re: LF: high power class E transmitter


> Hello Rik and all.
>
> I've recently been working (during my 9-5) on some medium wave
transmitters.
> For reference material I've been looking at the Harris DX25U which uses
> IRFP350 power mosfets in class D with 230V DC to generate 25kW carrier and
> 100kW peak.
>
> claimed efficiency for the PA alone is 92 - 97%  with the whole TX
operating
> at 85%.
> This seems to be the same as all the other class D circuits we're used to
on
> LF.
>
> For interest:
> The PA has 64 amplifier modules combined.    1 module = 1kW+
> The combiner has multiple toroids threaded onto a large copper bar.
> Modulation is 12 bit digital which then switches the drive to the modules
on
> / off
> PA circuits available if interested.
>
> 73
>
>
> David
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: high power class E transmitter
References: <6d33332c.24edec69@aol.com> <001901beeb35$4f6892c0$3f4dedc1@default>
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Hello,

Graham Phillips wrote:
 
> I am most interested in any info on the Harris DX25U ... is it am AM TX,
> using Pulse-width modulation by any chance ?

http://www.broadcast.harris.com/transmission/radio/dx25u50.pdf
(observing improper PDF...)

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Christer Andersson" <sm6pxj@swipnet.se>
To: "RSGB LF group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Multiple tuned vertical
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 1999 08:43:08 +0200
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I would like to hear if anyone have tested the Multiple Tuned Vertical in some form.
I have understood that the antenna transforms the feed impedance with a factor equal to the square of the number of wires used. E.g.10 wires would raise the feed impedance about 100 times.
I'm just rebuilding my LF-station and this antenna looks very interesting. However, not much information has been found in my litterature. Links or articles would be much appreciated.
73,
Christer / sm6pxj






From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dave" <dave@picks.force9.co.uk>
To: "LF Group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Lighthouse portable
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 1999 09:35:20 +0100
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Dear all,

This weekend look out for Alfred DF2BC/P from the Campen Lighthouse. He has
an excellent signal into G. He is on 136.53 with a Ropex TX.

Dave G3YXM



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dick Rollema" <d.w.rollema@gironet.nl>
To: "LF-Group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Lighthouse station DF2BC/P
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 1999 11:04:10 +0200
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<BODY bgColor=#ffffff>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>To All</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Worked DF2BC/P at Campen Lighthoudse near Emden 
this morning with a formidable signal, RST 599 both ways.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>I would like to QSL direct but do not have the 
postal address of DF2BC.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Can anyone provide that?</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Many thanks in advance!</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>73, Dick, PA0SE</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>JO22GD</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>D.W. Rollema</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>V.d. Marckstraat 5</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>2352 RA Leiderdorp</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>The Netherlands</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Tel. +31 71 589 27 34</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>E-mail: <A 
href="mailto:d.w.rollema@gironet.nl">d.w.rollema@gironet.nl</A></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>

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From: "Dave" <dave@picks.force9.co.uk>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Re: Lighthouse station DF2BC/P
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 1999 12:49:41 +0100
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<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Dick,</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>It's </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>Alfred KluB&nbsp; (Kluss)</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>Osterstrasse 83</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>26725 Emden</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>73, Dave G3YXM.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE 
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 solid 2px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px">
    <DIV></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Worked DF2BC/P at Campen Lighthoudse near 
    Emden this morning with a formidable signal, RST 599 both ways.</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>I would like to QSL direct but do not have 
    the postal address of DF2BC.</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Can anyone provide that?</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Many thanks in advance!</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>73, Dick, PA0SE</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>JO22GD</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>D.W. Rollema</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>V.d. Marckstraat 5</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>2352 RA Leiderdorp</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>The Netherlands</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Tel. +31 71 589 27 34</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>E-mail: <A 
    href="mailto:d.w.rollema@gironet.nl">d.w.rollema@gironet.nl</A></FONT></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sat, 21 Aug 1999 09:32:50 -0400
From: "Andre' Kesteloot" <akestelo@bellatlantic.net>
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Subject: Re: LF: Multiple tuned vertical
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Hello Chris,
A mathematical (and practical) treatment of Multiple Tuning for vertical antennas can be found in:

    Radio Antenna Engineering
    by Edmund Laport McGraw Hill NY 1952
    pp. 38-43

This book is obviously out of print, but I could send you photocopies of the relevant pages.
73
Andre' N4ICK
***********************************

Christer Andersson wrote:

> I would like to hear if anyone have tested the Multiple Tuned Vertical in some form.
> I have understood that the antenna transforms the feed impedance with a factor equal to the square of the number of wires used. E.g.10 wires would raise the feed impedance about 100 times.
> I'm just rebuilding my LF-station and this antenna looks very interesting. However, not much information has been found in my litterature. Links or articles would be much appreciated.
> 73,
> Christer / sm6pxj






From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Steve Rawlings" <steve.rawlings@cableol.co.uk>
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Subject: Re: LF: Lighthouse station DF2BC/P
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Dick Rollema wrote:

>  Worked DF2BC/P at Campen Lighthoudse near Emden this morning with a
> formidable signal, RST 599 both ways.

I also worked Ali, DF2BC/P, at 0552 UT today.   I sent RST 579; received
339.  This was my first QSO into DL using only my 12 m vertical (all
other QSOs into DL having been made with my 20 m balloon-supported
vertical).   So, as well as putting out a fine signal, Ali must have a
very good receiving system too.

But I was surprised that OZ1KMR was only copying Ali at RST 549.

Regards to all,
(And thanks to Dave for the QSL info.)
Steve GW4ALG




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From: "Dick Rollema" <d.w.rollema@gironet.nl>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Re: Re: Lighthouse station DF2BC/P
Date: Sat, 21 Aug 1999 19:54:57 +0200
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>

<META content=text/html;charset=iso-8859-1 http-equiv=Content-Type><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//EN"><!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//EN">
<META content='"MSHTML 4.72.3110.7"' name=GENERATOR>
</HEAD>
<BODY bgColor=#ffffff>
<DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE 
style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 solid 2px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px">
    <DIV><FONT face=Arial size=2><B>-----Oorspronkelijk 
    bericht-----</B><BR><B>Van: </B>Dave &lt;<A 
    href="mailto:dave@picks.force9.co.uk">dave@picks.force9.co.uk</A>&gt;<BR><B>Aan: 
    </B><A 
    href="mailto:rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org">rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org</A> 
    &lt;<A 
    href="mailto:rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org">rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org</A>&gt;<BR><B>Datum: 
    </B>zaterdag 21 augustus 1999 14:08<BR><B>Onderwerp: </B>LF: Re: Lighthouse 
    station DF2BC/P<BR><BR></DIV></FONT>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Dick,</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV><FONT size=2>It's </FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV><FONT size=2>Alfred KluB&nbsp; (Kluss)</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT size=2>Osterstrasse 83</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT size=2>26725 Emden</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV><FONT size=2>73, Dave G3YXM.</FONT></DIV>
    <DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <DIV><FONT size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
    <BLOCKQUOTE 
    style="BORDER-LEFT: #000000 solid 2px; MARGIN-LEFT: 5px; PADDING-LEFT: 5px">
        <DIV></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Worked DF2BC/P at Campen Lighthoudse 
        near Emden this morning with a formidable signal, RST 599 both 
        ways.</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>I would like to QSL direct but do not 
        have the postal address of DF2BC.</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Can anyone provide that?</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Many thanks in advance!</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>73, Dick, PA0SE</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>JO22GD</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>D.W. Rollema</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>V.d. Marckstraat 5</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>2352 RA Leiderdorp</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>The Netherlands</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Tel. +31 71 589 27 34</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>E-mail: <A 
        href="mailto:d.w.rollema@gironet.nl">d.w.rollema@gironet.nl</A></FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Thanks Dave for your quick 
        service.</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>Enjoyed our QSO of today!</FONT></DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2></FONT>&nbsp;</DIV>
        <DIV><FONT color=#000000 size=2>73, Dick, 
PA0SE</FONT></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE></BODY></HTML>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sat, 21 Aug 1999 20:23:23 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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Subject: Re: LF: Lighthouse portable
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Hello,

Dave wrote:
 
> This weekend look out for Alfred DF2BC/P from the Campen Lighthouse. He has
> an excellent signal into G. He is on 136.53 with a Ropex TX.

Thanks for info Dave!
Excellent signal here too (579). Worked him and his collegue
DL9BDM/p around 1800z, got 559/449.

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Toni Bdrtschi" <tonib@phonakcom.ch>
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>From HB9ASB, JN36pt

Today I heard G3KAU with 599, one of the strongest signals ever received
from UK (G3YXM was 579 today).
Also good signals from DF2BC/p (579) and DL3FDO (589) plus many others.
Sometimes 3 stations calling on the same frequency (136.5) No QSO
possible.


73 de Toni


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sun, 22 Aug 1999 14:16:47 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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Subject: Re: LF: SAQ Alexanderson 17.8 kHz transmitter
References: <000501beec8e$90129280$4a97b38f@w8k3f0>
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Hello Dick,

Dick Rollema wrote:
 
> I would like to listen to it as I have never heard how a
> VLF-generator sounds.

There are still two audio files of the last transmission
from Grimeton (Aug. 1998) on my ftp sites available:

ftp://ftp.rz.uni-kiel.de/pub/nephro/nephlab/lp/ or
ftp://ftp.qsl.net/pub/df3lp (no response this afternoon !?)

Please look for "saqshort.wav" or "saqlong.wav" (1.9 Mb !).

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: DX Cluster postings for 21/22 Aug at GB7DXM
Date: Sun, 22 Aug 1999 21:13:20 +0100
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   Hello all, I was rather busy on Saturday so my own log is a bit sparse.
   There has been a funny on the Cluster where it is posting each spot twice
   (sometimes!). The result of this is that some of the early postings from
   Saturday and before 'fell off the end' of the list.
   I heard Steve GW4ALG work Ali DF2BC/P, and I couldn't believe the
strength
   Ali was comming in at. He is certainly the strongest station out of
Germany
   I have heard. He certainly stirred up the activity, it sounded like one
of
   the busiest weekends for some time.
   I have a note of Mike G3XDV working DF5DI at 0633Z but I forgot to note
   whether it was QRS or hand speed cw. I reckon Mike has been sprinkling
Miracle
   Grow on is aerial again! (and splashed some on the PA!)
   He was the strongest I have heard him, and has now overtaken the signal I
get from
   John G4GVC. Also on the QRS, Mike, you obviously have a new
exciter....its
   rock stable and there isn't a trace here of the old spacer. You are so
   strong that I can just see your 100Hz sidebands on Spectrogram.

   On Sunday it seemed very busy, all the usual big UK signals logged. As
   a bit of interest, as all were up in a relatively short period, I logged
   the S/N indicated on FFTDSP4 (yes I AM running with AGC on the receiver,
   mainly to protect my ears when Lech leans on his key, but none of these
   signals move the S-meter so they are not into the 'active area' of the
   AGC)
   G3XDV   22dB         G4GVC    19-20dB        G3YXM   25dB
   G3KAU   27-30dB      G3BDQ    15 dB          DF2BC/P 16dB!!
   G3XTZ   22dB         G8RW     13-15dB        G6NB    5-7dB
   Ok, its not a patch on Dick's measurements, but it's fun. The FFTDSP4
   program gives a reading for a 100Hz bandwidth. There is some uncertainty
   as I use a 1 sec averaging time, which is obviously a lot longer than the
   normal speed code elements, but all except the reading for Mike, were
taken
   under the same conditions. Mike peaked 22 on his QRS dashes, he was more
   like 20 indicated on hand speed morse. I have also been able to do a
   side-by-side test between FFTDSP4 and Spectrogram 5.09 on Mike's QSO with
   DJ5BV on Saturday morning. I will report that in a separate posting.

   Below the cluster postings for GB7DXM, slightly edited to take out the
   'dupes', and some of the 'qso' between Alain and myself.
   136.5  DL3FDO      22-Aug-1999 1648Z  cq (569) but no rx....
<DJ5BV>
   137.0  G3YXM       22-Aug-1999 1143Z  cq (549)
<DJ5BV>
   136.5  DF2BC/P     22-Aug-1999 0429Z  cq (559)    poor rx...
<DJ5BV>
   136.4  G3XTZ       21-Aug-1999 0933Z  clng g3aqc
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  G3XDV       21-Aug-1999 0916Z  slow-cw  O/O
<DJ5BV>
   136.5  DL3FDO      21-Aug-1999 0856Z  cq (569)  no rx ??
<DJ5BV>
   136.7  G3YXM       21-Aug-1999 0839Z  cq (549)
<DJ5BV>
G3NYK de GB7DXM   22-Aug 1840Z >
  1800.0  G3XDV       22-Aug-1999 1639Z  QRS cq 137.7khz
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  G3KAU       22-Aug-1999 1527Z  cq 135.72khz
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  F5MLP       22-Aug-1999 1457Z  hi alain can you hear yxm?
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  G3YXM       22-Aug-1999 1455Z  QRS cq 137.72khz
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  G4GVC       22-Aug-1999 1443Z  cq 136.9khz
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  G3XDV       22-Aug-1999 1402Z  QRS cq 136.7khz
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  G8RW        22-Aug-1999 1401Z  cq 136.55khz
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  DJ5BV       22-Aug-1999 1128Z          136.9 CQ
<DJ1RL>
  1800.0  G3XDV       21-Aug-1999 1846Z  QRS cq 137.7khz
<G3NYK>
  1800.0  G3XDV       21-Aug-1999 0919Z  clg dj5bv QRS 137.7khz
<G3NYK>
  G3NYK de GB7DXM   22-Aug 1840Z >
  2000.0  G3NYK       22-Aug-1999 1509Z  look at VLF aera
<F5MLP>
  2000.0  G3YXM       22-Aug-1999 1458Z  no cpi , heard him this
morni<F5MLP>
  2000.0  G4GVC       22-Aug-1999 1447Z  136.9 only traces , Hi Alan
<F5MLP>
  2000.0  LOWFERS     22-Aug-1999 1417Z  channel 15001 TNOS
conference<F5MLP>
  2000.0  DJ5BV       22-Aug-1999 1401Z  136.7 CQ ( 549 )
<F5MLP>
  2000.0  DF2BC/P     22-Aug-1999 1202Z  136.5 KHz CQ CQ ( 419 in
JN38<F5MLP>
  2000.0  DL3FDO      22-Aug-1999 1156Z  137.0 CQ CQ (419 in JN38VS)
<F5MLP>
  2000.0  G3XDV       21-Aug-1999 0917Z  0/0 Hi Alan & Gerd
<F5MLP>
G3NYK de GB7DXM   22-Aug 1843Z >
Cheers and 73 de Alan G3NYK
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com





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From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Comparison of FFTDSP4 and Specrogram 5.09 on QRS
Date: Sun, 22 Aug 1999 23:41:54 +0100
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             COMPARISON OF FFTDSP4y AND SPECTROGRAM 5.09
                          with some comments on HAMVIEW

Having installed what I think is probably the latest of the Spectrogram
upgrades, 5.09, I have arranged the two aux. audio outputs from my receiver
to go to the sound cards in 2 separate PCs. One runs FFTDSP4 under DOS 5,
the other runs Windows 95 and Spectrogram. Both use genuine Creative Labs
SB16 cards. I had an opportunity a few days ago to watch the effect of
severe QRN as I monitored Geri DK8KW through a local thunder storm. On that
occasion Geri would have been copiable on either system, but the effects of
the lightening crashes chopped him up very badly on FFTDSP4. It is possible
that a different setting of the colour scale would have improved things, but
unfortunately either the version I have has a small bug or there is an
incompatibility with my hardware. If I select a manual colour scale and an
integration time of greater than 1, the screen does not scroll when it
reaches the bottom. It does work well on AUTO. Geri would have been 'M'
verging on 'T' on FFTDSP4, but was a perfectly readable 'O' on 'gram with
the 4096 point display (similar resultion). For some reason Geri's morse
elements were readable right through the crashes (from strikes with 2000m!)
This exercise was they first real use of 'gram in anger and it showed up
well. I determined to leave the connection (10m of RG-58 allong the passage
from the rx to the main room!) to the Windows 95 machine and compare the
ultimate performance on a weak QRS signal.

On Saturday morning early, Mike G3XDV called Gerd DJ5BV , no trouble reading
Mike of course, but I had not heard a signal from Gerd before. FFTDSP4
showed a signal, the noise level was low and there were no static crashes,
but the signal was hardly readable. It was bobbing in and out of the noise.
I would not have been sure of the call if I hadn't heard Mike calling.
Spectrogram was set up for 16K points 60dB range and an averaging of
4....and there was a beautiful solid signal from Gerd at a full 'O' with no
compromise.  Later in the morning after Mike had called QRZ I went snuffling
around in the noise looking for the signal and realised that some weak lines
I could see at about 7Hz spacing were the dreaded Loran sidebands (abt 2-3dB
above the noise) I'd heard so much about. It is the first time I have seen
them, they are not visible on FFTDSP4, even with the 500Hz filter in the rx
and the highest resolution. ( It looks as thought the rx hardware is working
well, what I need to do now is put the same amount of effort into sorting
the aerial out and getting better sensitivity!)

In conclusion, I still like FFTDSP4 as an operating aid. I find that on a
full scan 200-2500Hz I can quickly locate a new station calling and
concentrate the hardware on it. I have a paper template stuck to the bottom
edge of the monior screen as there is no offset capability allowing the
display to indicate the correct frequency (like there is on 'gram). I can
see stations on hand keyed speeds that I cannot hear in the phones. I can
see where the QRM is and shift the filter away to to listen to a weak
station. Ok, a good CW operator could do this without the aid but it is nice
to see what is happening ( and I am not a real morse operator!). I leave my
RX tuned to 138.10 kHz LSB and use the pass-band tuning to 'isolate' the
signal and BFO shift on the AOR 7030 to adjust to a listenable tone. It is
posible to have 3 pre-programmed filter 'positions' for the 500Hz filter
within the 2.5kHz view by using the filter select, and the CW and DATA
modes.

I would normally use Spectrogram on the 4096 point resolution set to cover
the top 300Hz of the band, switching to a 16K point resolution and adjusting
the position of the display to catch the required signal for weak signals I
find averaging between 2 and 10 useful. With a timing of 400mS for 3 sec
dots. Sampling is left at 5K and range at 60dB with the standard colour
palate. I have not found ,personally, that changing the colour range of the
display makes any difference to the visibility of signals on the edge of the
noise. It would seem as though Spectrogram has up to about a 10dB advantage
over FFTDSP4, this is probably accounted for by the increased resolution of
Spectrogram 0.3Hz against 2Hz for FFTDSP4.

I also have a copy of Hamview, which I have used for a time. Hamview has the
interesting possibility of being able to drop a very narrow filter, or a
bandpass filter defined by clicking the mouse, over a signal and listen in
the computer speakers to the (delayed) filtered signal (It is essential to
turn the rx speaker down or it gets VERY confusing.) It produces a dispay
that wraps horizontally around the screen rather than scrolling and will
display about 7 minutes of signal in the highest resolution mode. The
program does not run well on my system, crashing with a variety of
breakpoint numbers, after anything from 2 mins to half an hour. I have run
FFTDSP4 for 12 hours using the longtem logging (25Mbyte file) on many
occasions. Hamview does enable a display file to be logged and a WAV file
(these are enormous after a few hours) to be stored for replay and
filtering. Its major disadvantage for QRS work is that the highest
resolution (about 2Hz I think) produces a scan of 4kHz and there is no
facility to be able to tune the averaging to suit the signal. It is about
the same as FFTDSP4 on sensitivity. I might use it more if I had a version
that didn't crash on my hardware. It has taught me that audio filters, no
matter how good, will not put a weak signal out of the noise and make it
more readable! Narrow IF filters do help but not as much as I used to
believe. Audio filters are good for reducing the effect of nearby qrm on
signals that are otherwise readable. I have found the notch of an external
Daiwa filter ,most useful for removing the fatigue of listening to the
screech of the Greek RTTY station at night.

On the use of filters I have found that putting the required signal near the
edge of my 500Hz IF filter, sometimes makes the tone of a weak signal stand
out more from the sound of the
filtered noise. Is this a normal technique known to morse men?

Alan Melia G3NYK
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com





From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Clifford Buttschardt" <cbuttsch@slonet.org>
To: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
Cc: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: Re: LF: Comparison of FFTDSP4 and Specrogram 5.09 on QRS
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Alan, your note comparing the these two programs was most valuable.  Even
though we can not join you on 136 KHz due to a strong US Navy station here
in California, there are many other times when the displays of these
programs are used.  thanks.  Cliff K7RR/W6HDO



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From: "Finbar O'Connor" <beachwood@tinet.ie>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: re: G3XDV QSO
Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 02:01:50 +0100
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<!DOCTYPE HTML PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD W3 HTML//EN">
<HTML>
<HEAD>

<META content=text/html;charset=iso-8859-1 http-equiv=Content-Type>
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<BODY bgColor=#ffffff>
<DIV><FONT size=2>Hi Mike/G3XDV</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT 
size=2>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Really 
delighted to work you for the first 2 way on 136 khz on Saturday last, a real 
pleasure indeed. On your last over your signal kept getting stronger and 
stronger. However during your initial few calls your signal took a deep dive in 
qsb, hence my request for a repeat of my RST.&nbsp; I have given up using my 
valve amplifer, just using the parallel pair of IRFP450's with&nbsp; 75 volts on 
load, producing&nbsp; 3 amps&nbsp; RF current.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>Keep up the good work, looking forward to the next qso on 
LONGWAVE.</FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>73's&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT size=2>Finbar&nbsp;&nbsp; EI0CF&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Malin 
Head.</FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>

From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 02:16:37 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: Comparison of FFTDSP4 and Specrogram 5.09 on QRS
References: <002401beecef$c01fc900$130a063e@default>
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Hello Group,
Hi Alan,

May be that it could be of interest to have an impression
how I'm working here 8-)

Alan Melia wrote:
 
> In conclusion, I still like FFTDSP4 as an operating aid. I find that on a
> full scan 200-2500Hz I can quickly locate a new station calling and
> concentrate the hardware on it. I have a paper template stuck to the bottom
> edge of the monior screen as there is no offset capability allowing the
> display to indicate the correct frequency (like there is on 'gram). I can
> see stations on hand keyed speeds that I cannot hear in the phones. I can
> see where the QRM is and shift the filter away to to listen to a weak
> station. Ok, a good CW operator could do this without the aid but it is nice
> to see what is happening ( and I am not a real morse operator!). I leave my
> RX tuned to 138.10 kHz LSB and use the pass-band tuning to 'isolate' the
> signal and BFO shift on the AOR 7030 to adjust to a listenable tone. 

I don't know FFTDSP4 and "'gram" since I'm running
SOLARIS/LINUX only. I have minor experiences (bad...) with
WINxx. I'm using SPECGRAM2 for UNIX systems on several INTEL
platforms. This application is available in source code (!)
and can be (re)compiled for X-Window and console (VGA/SVGA)
for your own. I'm running two modified versions, one for
overview, to watch the whole band, and the other for serious
VSCW purposes. There are many colour tables available which
can be switched in a turnaround manner (including "embossed"
modes). I can confirm your remarks on the worth of observing
the whole band for new signals. Behind my convertor there
are always two receivers running: One for this overview,
switched to USB / 2.4 kHz fixed and the other with approx.
100 Hz to locate an unknown signal for "hearing". So no
detectable signal will slip through your fingers. The
program never had been crashed even running for days.

> On the use of filters I have found that putting the required signal near the
> edge of my 500Hz IF filter, sometimes makes the tone of a weak signal stand
> out more from the sound of the
> filtered noise. Is this a normal technique known to morse men?

Yes! But normally this technique works well only if your
whole system behind the smallest filter will produce minor
noise (ears/hemisperes included...). Psychophysiological
studies have shown that some coloured noise may be helpful
in detecting weak signals especially in combination with
phase shifts between your ears ("Signal Detection in Noise",
Peter Montnemery, SM7CMY, MD thesis, Lund 1994, Sweden). May
be there are some kind of autocorrelation processes running
inside our brains. (Not always reliable here)

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Peter Bowyer" <peter@unica.co.uk>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
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Someone's system is resending rsgb_lf_group messages back to the list,
causing a mail loop - I'm on the case. Sorry for any inconvenience.

73 Peter G4MJS



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From: "kate moore" <mek@leicester.ac.uk>
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Stations worked here 2-way on 136kHz normal-speed CW this weekend:

Friday 20/8:
 EI0CF (09.27UT: gave him 589, gave me 569)(14.48: 559 @1.5A ant crnt, 569),
 G0VSJ (15.04: 569, 539), G0VXG (15.28: 569, 599).

Saturday 21/8:
 DJ5DI (06.52: 559, 539), DF2BC/P (07.06: 579, 449QRN), PA0SE (07.24: 579,
 579), G3KAU (08.14: 599, 579), G3YXM (08.50: 59+9, 59+9), G0UPU (09.31:
 569, 599), G3XDV (09.47: 579, 599), GW4ALG (09.58: 589, 589).

Sunday 22/8:
 G3YMC (07.20: 559, 599), G3XDV (08.03: 57/89, 599), DJ5BV (08.53: 559,
339),
 G6NB (14.39: 579, 59+9), G8RW (14.54: 56/79, 58/99).

Well, it's good to be back on the band again! For those who have been
wondering where I've been, I had a second blow up in the TX, but this time
things really went up in smoke. I hadn't realised the 'interlock' IC had
expired after the first incident and keyed the TX with no drive. It's taken
a couple of weeks to repair the damage and get some new FETs (now using
60N10 types - slightly smaller, but cheaper!). I've also modified the drive
configuration to AC-couple into the FET gates now, so it should be safer
(thanks to Dave 'YXM for help and ideas). It was really frustrating hearing
new signals like DK8KW (449) and DL3FDO (559) but not being able to call.

Finbar kindly waited around to give me my first QSO and report on Friday
and we had a second contact later when he was experimenting with low power.
Saturday morning was very busy with lots of activity from Europe, especially
from the German expedition to Campen lighthouse. I worked DF2BC but not
the other operator (DL9BDM) and they had a really excellent signal using
their 75m vertical, although they had some problems on receive due to QRN.
With all the activity, the limitations of single frequency transmitters are
now beginning to show up. The 'Ropex' frequency around 136.53kHz is getting
fairly chaotic at times. I was called at 17.43UT by a new station, G8IK,
who was very weak on that frequency. We started a QSO, but he was completely
obliterated by all the other stations co-channel (my CQ was on 136.85)
- we never completed the QSO as I didn't get my report. Let's hope people
find a simple way of changing frequency on these rigs soon.......

Sunday was noticibly quieter, although there were still plenty of stations
around. Mike G3XDV had completed his work on a new synth and was generating
a very clean and commanding signal. Static levels are now starting to reduce
at last, so it's much more pleasant operating later in the day again.



          Regards  John G4GVC near Leicester, IO92JP


    **  TX: Synth + 400W RF from modified 'G3YXM' Mosfet PA           **
    **  RX: TS-850S with 3 x CW filters and 0.5ppm TCXO               **
    **  Ant: Inv-L 60m long, 6m high at feed end, 12m high at far end **




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 10:10:52
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: Re: LF: Multiple tuned vertical
In-reply-to: <000601beeba0$859e6e80$ed29f482@win95.swipnet.se>
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At 08:43 21/08/99 +0200, you wrote:
>I would like to hear if anyone have tested the Multiple Tuned Vertical in
some form.
>I have understood that the antenna transforms the feed impedance with a
factor equal to the square of the number of wires used. E.g.10 wires would
raise the feed impedance about 100 times.
>I'm just rebuilding my LF-station and this antenna looks very interesting.
However, not much information has been found in my litterature. Links or
articles would be much appreciated.
>73,
>Christer / sm6pxj
>
I found a brief decription of a vertical antenna with multiple tuning in
the "Handbuch der Hochfrequenztechnik" by Meinke/Gundlach (p. 531 in in the
1968 edition).
I think it works quite similar to the open / folded dipole system where a
folded dipole also has 4 times the radiation resistance of an open dipole.
So having 2 tuned vertical wires connected to 1 topload will multiple the
radiation reststance by 4, 3 wires will multiple by 8 etc ...
If each vertical wire is well separated and has its own groundsystem you
will also reduce losses.
So far 2 things stopped me from testing this system :

1. How far do the vertical parts have to be separated to be effective ?
Looking at folded dipoles for HF/VHF the 2 parallel parts are at least 1%
spaced, this would mean about 22m on 136kHz.

2. On first sight (and doing some simple calculations) the total antenna
capacitance is 'divided' over the multiple verticals. So that would mean
that not only each vertical part will need its own loading coil but also
that for a 'double tuned' antenna each loading coil will need the double
inductance compared to a 'single loaded'. For a 'triple loaded' antenna the
inductances of the loading coils will need to be 3 times bigger etc ....
Also, if you feed the same current into the antennasystem the
antennavoltage will double for an 'double tuned' and triple for a 'triple
tuned' antenna. This might also created some practical problems.

I am a bit sceptic about the practical use of this antenna, but this should
stop nobody from testing it and reporting results to the reflector.

73, Rik  ON7YD


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 12:19:54
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: LF: weekend report 19-22 august
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Only about 1 hour at the station (30 min on saterday afternoon, 30 min on
sunday morning) but a lot of stations heard :
DF2BC/P (559), PA0CC (569), G3AQC (529), EI0CF (329), G3YXM (579), G4GVC
(549), DJ5BC (569), DL9BDM/P (559), DL3DFO (559), G3XTZ (579), G3XDV (539),
G3KAU (569).

Worked DF2BC/P (559-339) and got a QRZ (but nothing more) when calling DL3DFO.

For those interested in distances : locator of Campen Lighthouse (DF2BC/P
and DL9BDM/P) is JO33MJ.

73, Rik


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


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From: "Stan Andrews" <andrewss@earthlight.co.nz>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Multiple Tuned Vertical
Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 23:03:51 +1200
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Hello All,
                 Was interested in the comments re the  M.T.V.    Some years
ago
came across a reference in  Technical  Topics,    RSGB.  Unfortunately
didn't
note  which  issue or  which    manual  .

           Did manage to find some data in  AMATEUR RADIO VERTICAL
ANTENNA  Handbook      by  Paul  H. LEE.      1974...   CQ Technical
Series.

Two types discussed.


A.     NORD   Antenna......    for  50  to   150    kc/s/...


Has a centre metal pole   with a gamma  type  matching  wire  from the top
of the
centre pole.  (No detail of the spacing,  wire dia   or centre pole  dia.
except that the bottom of centre pole is earthed.   From  the  top  of the
centre pole  there are three sloping  wires out to three    perimeter poles
each of which is earthed through a variable  condenser.     The three
perimeter pole earths are connected back to the  earth ing point of the
centre pole.

Dimensions  give by  LEE  for  50 to  150  kc/s..

Centre pole    ( or  tower !!)       450 feet.
Perimeter  towers                       150  feet
Spacing from centre pole to  perimeter poles          500  feet.


B.       Data  for       2  to  4  mc/s...

     Centre  pole         30   feet     high
Perimeter  poles       10  feet  high
Spacing  centre pole  to perimeter poles      33  feet.

and the    total capacity   of the three variable  condensers   ,  C1 + C2 +
C3   is
         equal  to      1500        mmfd.



The  UG  Tyupe  Vertical...

First   Model....  Design for   2  mc/s..

Horizontal  wire  is    52  foot  long.
Three     down  wires,   with    centre down lead   connected to the   mid
point of
the horizontal      wire,   (  i.e.   at the 26  foot point,  and the others
, one each side
at the 25  foot   and  the  27  foot    points..)

At the bottom , one of the out side  verticals is earthed.  The centre wire
is connected
to the  earth point of the earthed  vertical     through a variable
condenser  to the earth stake  to which  the earthed vertical is connected.
             The other outside vertical   comes down  to just above ground
level
and is  connected to the  feedline system.  The   length of the verticals
is    25    feet
for each  one..



Second  design.


Top horizontal wire is  52  foot long   supported   at   the   25  foot
level ( above
ground  ) .

The   three  25  foot  vertivals  are attached  as  follows.

First vertical is attached    to one  end of the horizontal wire and drops
down to become the  feed element.
The second  vertical drops down to become the  earthed   vertical,... one
foot away
from  the feed  vertical.
the third vertical   drops  down  from the   2     foot point  ( from the
end of the horizontal   wire )        to connect to a variable   condenser
the other side of which
connects to the earthing  stake of the centre vertical.


As it is quite a few  years ago since I made these notes  I can not remember
if there was any other data.

Perhaps a search of the    www  pages     for the  NORD    or UG  Type
vertical
might bring  forth more details.


    73     Stan,    ZL4MB          DUNEDIN  NEW ZEALAND..        23  August
1999

nnnnnnnnn





From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dick Rollema" <d.w.rollema@gironet.nl>
To: "LF-Group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>, 
 "Johan Bodin" <sm6lkm.jbeab@swipnet.se>
Subject: LF: Re: SAQ VLF transmitter using the last Alexanderson alternator
 in the world
Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 14:19:37 +0200
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To All

Johan Bodin wrote to me as an answer to my question when the Alexanderson
VLF alternator-transmitter SAQ at Grimeton in Sweden will be on the air the
following:

I actually know  some of the people at "Telia Mobile" who are responsible
for the station.
I always get an early warning before SAQ goes on the air so I will be able
to send an
alert message via the RSGB reflector at least a few days in advance.

Excellent Johan!
Please do keep us posted cos I'm sure not to be the only one in the LF-group
that likes to hear this sound of the past.

For my e-mail to the Grimeton museum  I used the address given by the German
"Funk" magazine: grimeton@va.mobitel.telia.se. But the Telia Mobile
Postmaster advises me the address has been changed to:
grimeton-radio@telia.se.

The museum also has a website: http://www.telemuseum.se/Grimeton.

I downloaded from Peter Schnoor's website his audio recording of the last
transmission  from Grimeton in August 1998 (1.9 Mb!). It took almost as long
as a telephone call of my XYL to one of her friends...

Well done Peter!
But there is no substitute for a live performance so let's wait till Johan
or Grimeton gives us a signal to fire up our VLF receivers.

73, Dick, PA0SE
D.W. Rollema
V.d. Marckstraatr 5
2352 RA Leiderdorp
The Netherlands
Tel. +31 71 589 27 34
E-mail: d.w.rollema@gironet.nl



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Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 19:31:29 +0100
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Mike Dennison" <mike@dennison.demon.co.uk>
Subject: LF: weekend report 21/22 August
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What a weekend! Heard 18 different stations in 7 countries. The Campen
Lighthouse expedition caused lots of activity, and a Ropex pile-up,
though they couldn't hear me. Worked 6 countries, including a new one.

Saturday 21 August

Low QRN. Low local noise. Lots of activity.

Installed synthesizer on loan from G0MRF (thanks Dave). Works fine,
though I had to tweak my PA a little to get rid of some distortion on
the finally transmitted waveform.

Heard DJ5DI (539); PA0SE (579); DF2BC/P and DL9BDM/P (589); G3YXM (5
9+10 9); G3AQC (599); G3BDQ (599); G3KAU (5 9+20 9); G0UPU (549); G3XTZ
(5 9+20 9); G8RW (599). Some very strong signals from the regulars these
days.

Worked DJ5BV using QRSs ('O'/'O'); G4GVC (gave 599, got 579).

Worked EI0CF (559, 3/4 3 9). This QSO was a real pleasure as we have
tried to work on many occasions including several skeds. The contact in
the end was a random one. He is the 45th station I have worked on 136,
and the 9th country. Thanks, Finbar.

Sunday 22 August 

Another noise-free morning. 

Heard DF2BC/P (up to 599, by far the best signal heard from DL); DJ5BV
(539); G3BDQ (5 9+10 9); G3YXM (5 9+10 9); G3XTZ (5 9+20 9); PA0MLC (319
and a new station for me - nr 68 heard); G8RW (599).

Worked GW4ALG (599, 589); G4GVC (599, 5 7/8 9). 

Worked on QRSs ON4ZK ('O'/'O') and heard HB9ASB ('O'). 
-- 
Mike, G3XDV
http://www.dennison.demon.co.uk/activity.htm


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In a message dated 99-08-23 02:20:55 EDT, G4MJS writes:

<< Someone's system is resending rsgb_lf_group messages back to the list,
 causing a mail loop - I'm on the case. Sorry for any inconvenience. >>

Thanks, Peter.  Best of luck.  It's summer re-run season on TV over here, so 
the first two or three times some of these messages came around, I scarcely 
noticed.  Now it's gotten harder to ignore.  :-)

73,
John


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 23 Aug 1999 19:37:58 +0100
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Mike Dennison" <mike@dennison.demon.co.uk>
Subject: LF: Holiday activity
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Owing to being exhausted after a big job at work, I will not be packing
the LF gear when going to GW this week. I will have a receiver and loop
antenna, but all the Tx, coils and wire antenna stuff is too much,
especially this time of year when QRN is still bad.

Will not be idle, though, as some serious planning will be going into
finding a location for a 73kHz expedition in October.
-- 
Mike, G3XDV


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Tue, 24 Aug 1999 09:39:42
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: Re: LF: Multiple tuned vertical
In-reply-to: <37BEAA82.B926CC8C@bellatlantic.net>
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At 09:32 21/08/99 -0400, you wrote:
>Hello Chris,
>A mathematical (and practical) treatment of Multiple Tuning for vertical
antennas can be found in:
>
>    Radio Antenna Engineering
>    by Edmund Laport McGraw Hill NY 1952
>    pp. 38-43
>
>This book is obviously out of print, but I could send you photocopies of
the relevant pages.
>73
>Andre' N4ICK
>***********************************

Hello André,

I still have to thank you for the article on the meander-antenna you sent me.
If it is not asked too much I would be interested in a copy of the Multiple
Tuning Antenna too.
Please give me your mail address, I will send you some USD as you have
already been spending some stamps on my account.

Regarding the meander-antenna : if you scale all the described antennas to
136kHz you still get 'monster-antennas'. But the fact that they manage to
increase the radiation resistance by a factor up to 20 (compared to an
simple vertical of the same height) is impressive. I would be more than
happy to get my radiation resistance up to some 100 milliohm instead of the
actual 45 millohm.
As soon as 'mowing-seazon' os over (october) I intend to do some tests with
various antennas. I will try to make some arrangements with Dick, PA0SE
(who is living about living about 120km from me and can measure accurate
fiedstrenght) to do some good (far-field) measurements on the different
antennas.

73, Rik  ON7YD


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dick Rollema" <d.w.rollema@gironet.nl>
To: "Christer Andersson" <sm6pxj@swipnet.se>
Cc: "LF-Group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: Fw: LF: Multiple tuned vertical
Date: Tue, 24 Aug 1999 09:59:42 +0200
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Dear Christer,

In the Dutch Magazine "Radio-Nieuws"of 1 April 1925 I found a treatment of
the multiple tuned antenna by Ir. (later Prof.)  Huijdts. It confirms what
Rik, ON7YD, expected: In a multiple tuned antenna with N radiators each one
has a loading coil of N times the selfinductance of the coil for a single
radiator. For our amateur antennas on 137 kHz, having small capacitance
speaking in LF terms,  a single coil already has awkward dimensions, not to
speak of coils of N times as large!

As to the distance between the radiators we can look at the antenna of
station SAQ at Grimeton. It is obviously a multi tuned one, also called an
Alexanderson antenna after its inventor who also designed the alternator
used at Grimeton. From the description on the website  we learn that there
are six vertical radiators at intervals of 380 metres. That is for a
frequency of about 19 kHz. Scaling the antenna for 137 kHz yields a distance
between radiators of (19/137) * 380 = 52.7 metres.

I don't think the voltage on the antenna increases as Rik says. In a single
radiator with a coil of X ohms and I amps current the voltage is I * X .
With N radiators the current in each one is I/N but the reactance of the
coil is N * X. So the voltage is (I/N)  * N  * X = I * X as before.

73,  Dick, PA0SE

-----Oorspronkelijk bericht-----
Van: Rik Strobbe <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Aan: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Datum: maandag 23 augustus 1999 10:41
Onderwerp: Re: LF: Multiple tuned vertical


>At 08:43 21/08/99 +0200, you wrote:
>>I would like to hear if anyone have tested the Multiple Tuned Vertical in
>some form.
>>I have understood that the antenna transforms the feed impedance with a
>factor equal to the square of the number of wires used. E.g.10 wires would
>raise the feed impedance about 100 times.
>>I'm just rebuilding my LF-station and this antenna looks very interesting.
>However, not much information has been found in my litterature. Links or
>articles would be much appreciated.
>>73,
>>Christer / sm6pxj
>>
>I found a brief decription of a vertical antenna with multiple tuning in
>the "Handbuch der Hochfrequenztechnik" by Meinke/Gundlach (p. 531 in in the
>1968 edition).
>I think it works quite similar to the open / folded dipole system where a
>folded dipole also has 4 times the radiation resistance of an open dipole.
>So having 2 tuned vertical wires connected to 1 topload will multiple the
>radiation reststance by 4, 3 wires will multiple by 8 etc ...
>If each vertical wire is well separated and has its own groundsystem you
>will also reduce losses.
>So far 2 things stopped me from testing this system :
>
>1. How far do the vertical parts have to be separated to be effective ?
>Looking at folded dipoles for HF/VHF the 2 parallel parts are at least 1%
>spaced, this would mean about 22m on 136kHz.
>
>2. On first sight (and doing some simple calculations) the total antenna
>capacitance is 'divided' over the multiple verticals. So that would mean
>that not only each vertical part will need its own loading coil but also
>that for a 'double tuned' antenna each loading coil will need the double
>inductance compared to a 'single loaded'. For a 'triple loaded' antenna the
>inductances of the loading coils will need to be 3 times bigger etc ....
>Also, if you feed the same current into the antennasystem the
>antennavoltage will double for an 'double tuned' and triple for a 'triple
>tuned' antenna. This might also created some practical problems.
>
>I am a bit sceptic about the practical use of this antenna, but this should
>stop nobody from testing it and reporting results to the reflector.
>
>73, Rik  ON7YD
>
>
>Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
>rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
>Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: Multiple tuned vertical
References: <000f01beee09$200ea6a0$b597b38f@w8k3f0>
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Hello,

Dick Rollema wrote:
> 
> In the Dutch Magazine "Radio-Nieuws"of 1 April 1925 I found a treatment of
> the multiple tuned antenna by Ir. (later Prof.)  Huijdts. It confirms what
> Rik, ON7YD, expected: In a multiple tuned antenna with N radiators each one
> has a loading coil of N times the selfinductance of the coil for a single
> radiator. 

Simulation with ELNEC confirms this in general: Not exactly N
times higher but somewhat higher, increasing with N. If mistuned
at one leg only this leg will degenerate to a loop antenna (via
earth, side fed) and the whole system will be a fine dummy or
cloud burner at best.

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: Re: LF: Multiple tuned vertical
References: <000601beeba0$859e6e80$ed29f482@win95.swipnet.se> <3.0.1.16.19990824093942.2dcf930a@mail.cc.kuleuven.ac.be>
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Rik Strobbe wrote:

> If it is not asked too much I would be interested in a copy of the Multiple
> Tuning Antenna too.

in the mail today   :-)

> Regarding the meander-antenna : if you scale all the described antennas to
> 136kHz you still get 'monster-antennas'. But the fact that they manage to
> increase the radiation resistance by a factor up to 20 (compared to an
> simple vertical of the same height) is impressive. I would be more than
> happy to get my radiation resistance up to some 100 milliohm instead of the
> actual 45 millohm.

20 x would be almost 0.1 ohm, would it not?

It seems to me that, somewhat like drafts looking for the fountain of
eternal
youth, all of us are always searching for the perfect small LF
antenna  :-)
(the price Faust paid was a little to steep for me...)

See you in October at Winsor?
73
Andre' N4ICK



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Tue, 24 Aug 1999 17:31:23
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: Re: LF: Multiple tuned vertical
In-reply-to: <37C2AE82.20DCA90F@bellatlantic.net>
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At 10:38 24/08/99 -0400, you wrote:
>> If it is not asked too much I would be interested in a copy of the Multiple
>> Tuning Antenna too.
>
>in the mail today   :-)
thanks

>> Regarding the meander-antenna : if you scale all the described antennas to
>> 136kHz you still get 'monster-antennas'. But the fact that they manage to
>> increase the radiation resistance by a factor up to 20 (compared to an
>> simple vertical of the same height) is impressive. I would be more than
>> happy to get my radiation resistance up to some 100 milliohm instead of the
>> actual 45 millohm.
>
>20 x would be almost 0.1 ohm, would it not?
>
20 times 45 millohm would be even close to 1 Ohm 

>It seems to me that, somewhat like drafts looking for the fountain of
>eternal youth, all of us are always searching for the perfect small LF
>antenna  :-)
>(the price Faust paid was a little to steep for me...)
Regarding electrical antennas the magic key is 'increase the radiation
resistance'. If you cannot increase the height than you have to look for
alternatives as 'multiple-tuned' or 'meander' antennas.
But I'm afraid you won't get it for free, there will be some drawbacks. For
the 'multiple-tuned' antenna it is (at least) the many big inductors you
will need.
I intend to construct an new (low-loss) loading coil for my antenna. When
that is ready I will do some tests with a 'double-tuned' antenna with the 2
downleads about 22 meter separated, I wonder what I will gain.
Later I will give the meander-antenna a try and sure I will find out what
the drawbacks are on that one .... ..

>See you in October at Winsor?
I'am afraid not, I will be visiting KH6 and W6/W0 in october.

73, Rik  ON7YD

PS : still haven't you postal address. I will be happy to send you some USD
so I do not have to feel guilty if I ask you for copies.





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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Simon Lloyd-Hughes" <simon.lloyd-hughes@rd.bbc.co.uk>
Subject: Re: LF: Multiple tuned vertical
In-reply-to: <37BEAA82.B926CC8C@bellatlantic.net>
References: <000601beeba0$859e6e80$ed29f482@win95.swipnet.se>
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Is there an ISBN number for this?

At 09:32 21/08/99 -0400, you wrote:
>Hello Chris,
>A mathematical (and practical) treatment of Multiple Tuning for vertical
antennas can be found in:
>
>    Radio Antenna Engineering
>    by Edmund Laport McGraw Hill NY 1952
>    pp. 38-43
>
>This book is obviously out of print, but I could send you photocopies of
the relevant pages.
>73
>Andre' N4ICK
>***********************************
>
>Christer Andersson wrote:
>
>> I would like to hear if anyone have tested the Multiple Tuned Vertical
in some form.
>> I have understood that the antenna transforms the feed impedance with a
factor equal to the square of the number of wires used. E.g.10 wires would
raise the feed impedance about 100 times.
>> I'm just rebuilding my LF-station and this antenna looks very
interesting. However, not much information has been found in my
litterature. Links or articles would be much appreciated.
>> 73,
>> Christer / sm6pxj
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
>
____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________

Email:		simon.lloyd-hughes@rd.bbc.co.uk
Tel:		Internal 36692
		External 01737 836692
		Mobile 0589 151485

FAX:		01737 836555

____________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Tue, 24 Aug 1999 18:00:05
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: LF: direct mails
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It happened me twice today that I replied to a mail of Nick and did send it
to the reflector instead of direct. I appologize for that and promise to
check the 'to' address better before sending a mail.

73, Rik  ON7YD


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Tue, 24 Aug 1999 18:50:54 +0200
From: "Valerio Gabbani" <valerio@dii.unisi.it>
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Subject: LF: QRSS QRV
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Hello lowfers,

just to say that the next three days (25/26/27) i'm qrv in QRSS mode
from 5.00 to 6.30 UTC at 137.71 kHz.

' 73 and see you on the screen, Valerio (IK5ZPV JN53KX)



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Steve Olney" <ollaneg@zeta.org.au>
To: "RSGB LF Group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Multiple Tuned Vertical
Date: Wed, 25 Aug 1999 08:09:32 +1000
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G'day All,

Here is my two cents worth...

I think that there is not a great deal to be gained from using
multiple-tuned verticals.  The reason I think that is that if you look at
the aim of improving our short vertical antennas, we see that we are trying
to improve the ratio of radiated power versus applied power.   We tend to
concentrate on radiation resistance alone, when it is the ratio of
radiation resistance to losses which determines how much goes into ether
and how much warms up the local environment.

Radiation resistance is an entirely ficticious resistance which is
evaluated by analysing the impedance at the feed point.   Change the
feedpoint and you can change the radiation resistance.   The notion that
there is some inherent radiation resistance for a particular antenna
configuration (say 75 ohm for a 1/2 wave dipole) is a mathematical one and
arises out of the practice that by convention and convenience the analysis
is carried out using a feedpoint where the current is maximum.  Radiation
resistance is then actually the lowest value of the radiating part of the
feedpoint impedance possible.  The change in radiation resistance with
feedpoint is viewed by some as simply a transformer action.   A good
explanation except you can not  'transform' the radiation resistance of a
given radiating structure to a lower value, only higher.  However,
transformer action remains a good way of viewing the situation.

Where does this leave the multiple-tuned vertical?   Well, I think that
indeed the radiation resistance will be transformed up as a ratio N * N,
and you will need larger coils to resonate each leg, and so on.    The fly
in the ointment as far as I can see is that while the currents in each leg
are reduced, any losses (earth, coil, etc) as seen from the feedpoint are
also multiplied up by N * N.   So my guess is what you gain on the
roundabout (increased apparent radiation resistance) is lost on the swings
(increased apparent losses).   That is, the ratio of radiation resistance
to total losses remains largely the same.

So why do commercial installations use the configuration?  I suspect it has
more to do with the GIGANTIC powers they use and the difficulty of making a
single earth connection carry all the current at those powers.  By using
the multiple-tuned vertical the currents are split and so are reduced at
each individual earth point.

The above has been seen to be the case using antenna analysis software.  
Initially I had a great rush of excitement when I saw a  0.01 ohm radiation
resistance increased to 1 ohm using ten radiators, but this quickly
subsided when I introduced a series loss resistance with each coil and saw
that that loss was multiplied by the same factor :-(

In conclusion I feel that there might be something to be gained (not a
great deal), but also there may be some other factor not accounted for
which may produce better results than expected from the above.   After all,
we are experimenters and are not totally bound by theory, but only
imagination :-)

73s Steve Olney (VK2ZTO/AXSO - QF56IK : Lat -33 34 07, Long +150 44 40)
=============================================
LowFer URL:
http://www.zeta.org.au/~ollaneg/lowfer.htm
AXSO Experimental Station URL:
http://www.zeta.org.au/~ollaneg/axsoextx.htm
LF Receiving - FRG-100
LF Transmitting - 177.5kHz 8W to 7.6m top-loaded vertical
Modes - AM, SSB, PSK31, SSTV, Hellschreiber and QRSS
=============================================



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Subject: Re: LF: Multiple Tuned Vertical
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Here is my two cents worth ... done on the fly ...

The multiple feedpoints in a multiple tuned antenna give an apparent
increase in the real component (resistance) by transformer action
(currents divide by the number of separate vertical feeds).  However,
that does not alter the basic radiation characteristic of THE SYSTEM AS
A WHOLE.  The radiation resistance of the whole system is still related
to overall physical dimensions.  Multiple tuning is just a "trick" to
get an apparent increase in radiation resistance, but it does not trick
the laws of physics!

Where gains could be had is with reduced current density at the earth
mat around each feedpoint.  For a given resistivity earth mat, the power
loss is I squared R.  As the I values are divided according to vertical
feeds, then the current densities and I squared R losses are all much
lower than having one feedpoint for the given antenna structure, taking
full current.

Reducing the ground loss component of an electrically small antenna is
an effective way of improving gain (as the radiation resistance is
swamped by loss resistance).

In an electrically large system (like commercial systems) running high
power, the multiple feeds, each with earth mats, disperse the ground
current much better than for a single feedpoint system.  I have read
somewhere that there have been ground systems that have literally "burnt
out" trying to work with applied high power.

In summary, for a typical amateur system, size limited, I do not see any
advantages in trying multiple tunes systems.  Neither it seems do the
commercial NDB users, where "Marconi T" LF antennas are standard
installations.  They do however invest in rather good ground radial
systems ....

Regards,

Bob ZL2CA



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Christer Andersson" <sm6pxj@swipnet.se>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: SV: Multiple Tuned Vertical
Date: Wed, 25 Aug 1999 07:01:37 +0200
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Thanks for the interest in this issue.

Steve Olney wrote:
> We tend to
>concentrate on radiation resistance alone, when it is the ratio of
>radiation resistance to losses which determines how much goes into ether
>and how much warms up the local environment.

In an article in the Swedish magazine QTC mr Dagaas, chief engineer at SAQ, briefly explains the working principle of the MTA:
A single vertical with top loading and earth system would have a feed impedans of approx. 2,5 ohm.
If six such antennas are parallelled, the total loss resistance becomes 1/6 while the radiation resistance remains unchanged. The total impedance is now 0,45 ohm due to reduced losses.
The antenna input power is fed by 1/6 of the total current (feed impedance is raised by a factor 36).
By varying the current distribution between the verticals (by changing the tuning coils) a suitable feed impedance can be achieved. 20 ohm in the SAQ case.

It seems like the ratio of  Rrad/Rloss is increased. Corresponding thougths can be found in the ARRL Antenna book edition 17 p4-21.

In parallell with this discussion on the LF reflector, the subject has been treated in the news group rec.amateur.radio.antenna.

/Christer



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From: "Soegiono, Gamal" <soegiono@nmex01nt.hsd.utc.com>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Multiple Tuned Vertical - Example
Date: Wed, 25 Aug 1999 10:38:56 +0200
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Hello all

While compiling an article about the german LW-BC transmitter 
site "Donebach", I come acros some interesting facts about the
first antenna system which was in use there from 1967 through 
1970 - a multiple tuned vertical, based on the design principle 
of Ernst F.W. Alexanderson.


Four steel lattice masts, height 200m, cross section 2m by 2m
are aligned in a star figure. All mast are isolated from ground 
at their bases. Each mast has its individual burried radial
system consisting of 100 radials 200m each. The radials are
made of zinc plated steel "tape" (30mm by 3mm approx.) burried
half a meter below ground level. The total length burried
calculates as 80km (nowadays system 2*60*360m=43.2 km).


The mast feeding the antenna system is placed in the center of 
a triangle.
>From center 330m to zero degrees is placed the first,
>From center 330m to 120 degrees is placed the second,
>From center 330m to 240 degrees is placed the third periferal mast.

A top load is spun from the central mast to each of the periferal
masts. Each of the three toploads comprise 10 "wires" spaced by 1m
making a rectangle 10m by 330m (there is no means to connect one 
periferal mast to the other directly, only via central mast).

Operating frequency that time was 151.0 kHz (1987m WL).
The base of the central mast is fed by a T-Network
(base)series L1, shunt C, series L2(coax).
The bases of the three periferal mast are connected via
L3 to ground.

The approximate Reactances are:
X(L1)=j157 Ohms
X(L2)=j60 Ohms
X(L3)=j94 Ohms
X(C)=-j60 Ohms

The head designer of the first Donebach antenna system
Dr. Heinz Graziadei claimes the efficiency of the antenna
system to reach 95% (the two mast system in use nowadays is
said to have an efficiency of 88%). 

-----------------------------------------------------
Hi there down under in ZL:
-----------------------------------------------------
It is said that in Paengatoa (New Zealand) we may find
(if still existing) a 100% copy of the Donebach-1 Antenna System.
Perhaps you can check that unconfirmed info and take pictures ??
-----------------------------------------------------

Using a very simplified model (top load modeled by one wire only
having 2m equivalent diameter, all masts modeled as wires 2m in 
diameter) of the antenna, defining Ground as perfect, wire losses
as zero (to obtain the radiation resistance only) using a test
version of ELNEC I get the following numbers:

Rfeedpoint (Rrad) is about 118 Ohms
current in central mast (base/top) 1.00A/0.62A
current in all periferal masts (base/top) 1.02A/0.65A


-----------------------------------------------------
Historical add-on:
-----------------------------------------------------
>From 1967-1970 the LW-BC transmitter site Donebach
(49N39, 09E11) was allowed to use 250 kW transmitter 
(HF output power) and an omnidirectional radiation 
pattern in azimuth on the assigned frequency of 151 kHz.

The Romanian LW-BC station in Brasov (45N43, 25E36) used the same 
frequency with 2000 kW transmitter and omnidirectional 
radiation pattern in azimuth. There are even more stations
sharing the same allocated frequency but their ground distances
to Donebach are at least twice as much as in between Donebach and
Brasov.

The ground distance in between latter sites is about 1300 km
and was assumed sufficient to provide protection of each stations
intended coverage area - a false assumption. Receiption of
Brasov Program in the intended coverage area of Brasov was 
systematically "jammed" by the Donebach Program - WHY ???

The Donebach site is at 510m above sea level, an area of 2 sqkm
with level variations below 10m. The site, in the middle of the little
mountain area of "Odenwald", formerely was a marshland. During
WW2 there was an attempt to install an airfield there. The terrain
was drained and leveled to some extend. The site nowadays is still 
marshy, i.e. you get wet shoes when walking around, except for 
the hottest summer season. Ground conductivity approximates 
three milliSiemens. There is a virtually unobstacled "free-shot" to 
the horizon in any direction.

I do not have details of the Brasov site, all I heared, the ground 
conductivity is "very bad", perhaps caused by the porous carbon 
type of ground.

The Donebach site therefore has an natural benefit over the
Brasov site. Rating the excellent Donebach-1 Antenna System
it is easy to understand, why the 250kW classed Donebach site
could outperform the 2MW classed site in Brasov in it's
own coverage area !!

As a temporary countermeasure, Donebach reduced power to 120kW
and 60kW without much help for the Brasov coverage area. In 1970
the service in Donebach was stopped (Mainflingen took over temporarily)
in order to convert the omnidirectional Donebach-1 Antenna System into 
a 2 mast directional antenna system (Donebach-2 Antenna System). 

This did not help either, as two of the former masts were re-used at
their original location, the relative distance (330m) was insufficient to 
provide the required cardioide azimuth pattern with a deep enough
Null in direction to Brasov.

The final solution was to completely redesign the antenna system 
(went in operation Oct 1982) to what we know today as the 
Donebach-3 Antenna System (see my recent "profile").
-----------------------------------------------------

73 de Gamal







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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
References: <000501beec8e$90129280$4a97b38f@w8k3f0>
Subject: Re: LF: New LF broadcast  transmitter at Kootwijk?
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From: "Hans-Joachim Brandt" <hajo.brandt.dj1zb@t-online.de>
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Hi all,

I do not know what kind of LF equipment is still existing at Kootwijk but the 
following news may be of interest to all LF fans:

Dick Rollema schrieb:
 Today even less than before as the only thing that is of
>  interest to KPN is making money. And to preserve a station like Kootwijk or
>  SAQ only costs money.

On an recent trip to the Netherlands (nr Groningen) I have read in a PTT 
brochure that plans are underway for a new longwave transmitter at Kootwijk, but 
EMC problems were also foreseen for this area. Further investigations revealed 
the idea to operate a broadcast longwave transmitter at Kootwijk and have the 
programme compiled by a company in the U.K., aiming at listeners in the U.K. 

HW?

73 Ha-Jo, DJ1ZB



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "M. Sanders" <misan@xs4all.nl>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: RE: LF: New LF broadcast  transmitter at Kootwijk?
Date: Wed, 25 Aug 1999 22:01:30 +0200
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Hi All,

Public awareness to the effects of extreme high power transmitters have
resulted into a public discussion if Kootwijk is a propper site for a Giga
powered LW transmitter. Legal procedures are pending to stop the project. A
second site off-shore is developed at the moment. The location should be a
few miles West of the Zeeland isles (South-East Netherlands). The plan
includes antenna masts well over a hundred meters in height to be
constructed on top of artificial sand isles in the North-Sea. There have
also been asked questions in the Dutch parlament about governement approval
given to this enterprise.

best 73,

Michael Sanders, PA3BSH.

> -----Oorspronkelijk bericht-----
> Van: majordom@post.thorcom.com [mailto:majordom@post.thorcom.com]namens
> Hans-Joachim Brandt
> Verzonden: woensdag 25 augustus 1999 19:56
> Aan: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
> Onderwerp: Re: LF: New LF broadcast transmitter at Kootwijk?
>
>
> Hi all,
>
> I do not know what kind of LF equipment is still existing at
> Kootwijk but the
> following news may be of interest to all LF fans:
>
> Dick Rollema schrieb:
>  Today even less than before as the only thing that is of
> >  interest to KPN is making money. And to preserve a station
> like Kootwijk or
> >  SAQ only costs money.
>
> On an recent trip to the Netherlands (nr Groningen) I have read in a PTT
> brochure that plans are underway for a new longwave transmitter
> at Kootwijk, but
> EMC problems were also foreseen for this area. Further
> investigations revealed
> the idea to operate a broadcast longwave transmitter at Kootwijk
> and have the
> programme compiled by a company in the U.K., aiming at listeners
> in the U.K.
>
> HW?
>
> 73 Ha-Jo, DJ1ZB
>
>
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Steve Olney" <ollaneg@zeta.org.au>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Re: SV: Multiple Tuned Vertical
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 1999 08:51:53 +1000
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Christer wrote:

> If six such antennas are parallelled, the total loss resistance becomes
1/6 while the radiation resistance remains unchanged. The total impedance
is now 0,45 ohm due to reduced losses.
> The antenna input power is fed by 1/6 of the total current (feed
impedance is raised by a factor 36).
> By varying the current distribution between the verticals (by changing
the tuning coils) a suitable feed impedance can be achieved. 20 ohm in the
SAQ case.
> 
> It seems like the ratio of  Rrad/Rloss is increased. Corresponding
thougths can be found in the ARRL Antenna book edition 17 p4-21.
> 
mmm... interesting that this description disagrees with the ARRL handbook
description.. I quote.

"If ground losses are also considered, the effective loss resistance (RL)
would also be transformed by the same amount."

It goes on to say that it is the distribution of the ground currents which
will USUALLY improve the ratio Ra/Rl.   So the real improvement seems to
come from the reduction in losses through better earth current distribution
(see Bob Vernall's post).   This is unlikely to be anywhere near an
improvement of N*N. I am especially pessimistic as for many of us who are
LF-challenged, the major part of the losses are trees and buildings which
won't be reduced.

As I said before, this is all theory and even practical examples from the
commercial world can be unattainable in the less than ideal amateur
installations, so the final words on this will have to be practical
experimentation from different amateur installations.

73s Steve Olney (VK2ZTO/AXSO - QF56IK : Lat -33 34 07, Long +150 44 40)
=============================================
LowFer URL:
http://www.zeta.org.au/~ollaneg/lowfer.htm
AXSO Experimental Station URL:
http://www.zeta.org.au/~ollaneg/axsoextx.htm
LF Receiving - FRG-100
LF Transmitting - 177.5kHz 8W to 7.6m top-loaded vertical
Modes - AM, SSB, PSK31, SSTV, Hellschreiber and QRSS
=============================================


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Christer Andersson" <sm6pxj@swipnet.se>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Multiple Tuned Vertical reference
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 1999 06:54:03 +0200
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In rec.radio.amateur.antenna, W8JI writes:

On Mon, 23 Aug 1999 12:00:31 GMT, 2w8ji@contesting.com (Tom W8JI)
wrote:

>In the latest installations and rebuilds, VLF stations have removed
>multiple downlead systems and improved efficiency. I'm sure I can did
>some references.

OK Nate. Unlike you, I'll be helpful and post a clear reference that
does not reference myself and includes an A-B comparison at one site
with only a grounding system change .

19-14 of the Antenna Engineering Handbook by Jasik. 

A 26 KHz VLF antenna at Marion, Mass in the USA used a mutiple tuned
system. The average dry/wet efficiency was 15.6 percent, with ground
resistance averaging .32 ohms but with variations up to .615 ohms in
dry weather.

The Air Force rehabilitated the system with a conventional radial
system occupying the same overall area. Average efficiency became 23
percent.

An exact quote:

"With the same antenna, site, and expanse of ground system and at the
same very low frequency, a generally radial ground system resulted in
considerably less ground loss than had previously been obtained with a
combination of multiple stars, parallel wire grids, and a complex
overhead distribution and equalizing system." 

IMO, with a ham doing things "less perfect" than commercial ventures
and on a much higher frequency than 20 KHz, he would be well advised
to avoid all the complex theories about multiple distributed grounds.
Especially since they don't work as well as a simple, straightforward
system of radial wires occupying the same physical area.

I'm sure this carries over to HF as well, at least my results and the
results at two AM BC stations and reports from others using both
"special" and conventional systems compared at one site all
agree...the conventional system is better.



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "M. Sanders" <misan@xs4all.nl>
To: "LF-reflector RSGB" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Solar eclipse effect on LF signals
Date: Thu, 26 Aug 1999 17:22:27 +0200
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Hi All

A preliminary report on the effect of the solar eclipse on LF radio signals
has been published at the following Internet URL:

http://www.xs4all.nl/~misan/eclipse.htm

This report is based on the observations of the Swiss radio time signal
station HBG 75 kHz. by several European  Radio Amateurs. (It might take a
little while to download all the graph's.)

Reactions and comments are welcome.

73,

Michael Sanders, PA3BSH
mailto:pa3bsh@amsat.org



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Christer Andersson" <sm6pxj@swipnet.se>
To: "RSGB LF group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: Re: Multiple Tuned Vertical
Date: Fri, 27 Aug 1999 05:57:20 +0200
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(from rec.amateur.radio.antenna)


From: Reg Edwards <G4fgq.Regp@btinternet.com>
Subject: Ah wuz rung !
Date: den 26 augusti 1999 22:33

I agree with Mr Dagaas's reason for efficiency of the 6-mast system
being 6 times that of an individual mast.

I would like to describe the operation in a little more detail.

(1)  Each mast has its own set of ground radials. Whether the radial
wires of adjacent masts are in contact with each other is of no
consequence because no current flows across the junction.

(2)  The masts are separated by a distance three times their height.
This ensures the ground system under each mast provides a ground
connection for that mast only. There is no sharing of ground
connections between masts.

(3)  The radiation resistance of an individual mast when considered in
isolation is dependent on mast height in wavelengths as affected by
its share of the capacitance hat.  When F = 16.67 KHz, wavelength =
18 kilo-metres. (11 miles). I estimate the radiation resistance to be
approximately 0.05 ohms.

(4)  If the feedpoint resistance of one mast is 2.50 ohms then its
radiating efficiency is 1.96 percent. The input (loss) resistance of
one set of radials must be 2.45 ohms.

(5)  When all 6 masts are parallelled at the top via the
top-capacitance wires, each mast draws 1/6th of the total current. For
the same total power input the loss in an individual ground system
falls to 1/36th of the previously value. So the total loss in all six
ground systems is only 1/6th of the previous total loss.

(6)  The masts are spaced apart by only 0.0217 wavelengths. The
distance between the two outermost masts is 0.108 wavelengths. So for
practical purposes the masts are all in phase with each other and
behave as one vertical mast. So the radiation resistance remains as
before, 0.05 ohms.  System efficiency is 6 times greater  =  12
percent approx.

(7)  As a bonus, the theoretical feedpoint resistance of one of the
masts is increased by 36 times = 88 ohms. But nothing is perfect. The
masts are not all exactly in phase with each other.  The ground
systems are not entirely independent of each other. And so the actual
feedpoint resistance is 20 ohms it seems.

Question :-  Is a conjugate match to the generator appropriate in this
case ?

So my original statement that multiple antenna conductors do not
increase efficiency was wrong. Nevertheless, efficiency increases only
when each conductor has its own completely independent ground system
by spacing them well apart.  But the conductors must not further apart
than a small fraction of a wavelength.

These two simultaneous conditions cannot be achieved unless efficiency
is very low even after the improvement has been obtained. As it is at
SAQ.

But the design engineer of SAQ deserves our admiration. He certainly
understood exactly what he was doing 77 years back. And all he had was
a slide rule.

Reg,  G4FGQ.




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Date: Fri, 27 Aug 1999 14:36:45
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: LF: Multiple Tuned Vertical : simple calculations
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Doing some simple maths on a the simple model of a (lossless) double tuned
vertical I got this result :

1. Starting from a (lossless) single tuned vertical you get

             +------+
             |      |
            +-+   -----        where L = loading coil
          L | |   ----- C            C = antenna capacitance
            | |     |                R = radiation resistance
            +-+    +-+  R            Z = antenna impedance
             |     | |
        -----+     +-+
  Z =               |
        ------------+

If the reactance L (XL) cancels the reactance of C (XC) the antenna
impeadnce Z equals the radiation resistance R
so wL = 1/(wC) (where w = 2 x Pi x frequency)

2. 'Upgrade' the antenna to a double tuned vertical :

             +------+--------+
             |      |        |
            +-+   -----     +-+
         L' | |   ----- C   | | L'
            | |     |       | |
            +-+    +-+  R   +-+
             |     | |       |
        -----+     +-+       |
  Z =               |        |
        ------------+--------+

Instead of 1 inductor L we now have 2 inductors L' of the double value (2L)
Since the values of C and R are unchanged is wL' = 2/(wC)

Further XC = 1/(jwC) = -j/(wC)  (where j = square root of -1)
and     XL' = jwL' = j2/(wC) = -2XC

Calculating Z gives

Z = XL + (XL x (XC + R)) / (XL + XC + R)      -> extract XL
Z = XL x (1 + (XC + R) / (XL + XC + R))       -> replace XL by -2XC 
Z = -2XC x (1 + (XC + R) / (-2XC + XC +R))    -> -2XC + XC = -XC
Z = -2XC x (1 + (XC + R) / (R - XC))          -> equalize to (R-XC)
Z = -2XC x (R - XC + XC + R) / (R - XC)       -> R - XC + XC + R = 2R
Z = -2XC x (2R) / (R - XC)

for practical antennas will XC be in the range of 500 to 5000 Ohm while R
will be well below 1 Ohm so we can say that R - XC = -XC

Z = -2XC x (2R) / (-XC)                       -> -2XC / -XC = 2
Z = 4R

So the antenna impedance of a resonant double tuned vertical will be 4
times the impedance of a single tuned vertical.

But what to do with the 'loss resistance' (RL) in the real world ?
Assume a simple model where both tuned sections share the same
ground-system. In that case RL would be in series with R and this would
mean that a double tuned vertical would not only quadruple the radiation
resistance but also the loss resistance, resulting in an unchanged ratio
between radiation resistance and loss resistance.

>From the above I expect that a multiple-tuned vertical will only outperform
a simple vertical if each tuned section has at least its own independent
groundsystem. This would also mean that you need a certain distance between
the tuned sections in order to get these independent grounds.

Comments welcome ...

73, Rik



So 
Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: WarmSpgs@aol.com
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Date: Sat, 28 Aug 1999 00:29:21 EDT
Subject: Re: LF: Re: Multiple Tuned Vertical
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<< When all 6 masts are parallelled at the top via the
 top-capacitance wires . . . >>

...how can it be said that "the ground system under each mast provides a 
ground connection for that mast only," I wonder.




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Rik Strobbe wrote:
> But what to do with the 'loss resistance' (RL) in the real world ?
> Assume a simple model where both tuned sections share the same
> ground-system. In that case RL would be in series with R and this would
> mean that a double tuned vertical would not only quadruple the radiation
> resistance but also the loss resistance, resulting in an unchanged ratio
> between radiation resistance and loss resistance.

Which is basically what I meant in my previous comments about
"transformer action" from the division of current between multiple tuned
vertical feeds.  It is similar to a folded dipole transformation. 
Overall, multiple tuned verticals are still a similar antenna structure
from the point of view of "looking back at it from some distance away". 
Multiple tuned vertical parts are an "impedance transformation trick"
but do very little, if anything, for the net radiation resistance of the
whole antenna.  Where some advantages are likely is in the multiple
grounds.

Bob ZL2CA



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Dick Rollema" <d.w.rollema@gironet.nl>
To: "LF-Group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: Fw: LF: New LF broadcast  transmitter at Kootwijk?
Date: Sat, 28 Aug 1999 12:41:11 +0200
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To All,

In addition to what Michael Sanders has written I can inform you that KPN
(formerly PTT) is already taking away the transmitters at Kootwijk, now that
the station has been closed as per 31 December 1998.
Some of the modern SW ones made by Marconi go to a station of the Dutch
Royal Navy.
But the remaining ones, some dating back to the late forties, are broken
down.
The station manager of Kootwijk Radio, Mr. Martin  Nieuwenhuizen, has over
the years collected a series of old transmitters that have been used in the
past by PTT and our broadcasting companies. Even a pre-war one used by the
Dutch World Broadcasting Service of which the first stages were made around
1931!
There was ample space for the collection in the main building at Kootwijk,
originally built  to house a Telefunken AC alternator type of VLF
transmitter.
But all this has to disappear as KPN wants to get rid of the building. And
another place for a voluminous collection like Mr. Nieuwenhuizen's one has
not been found. A real pity that this unique collection of historical value
will be lost.

73, Dick, PA0SE

-----Oorspronkelijk bericht-----
Van: M. Sanders <misan@xs4all.nl>
Aan: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Datum: woensdag 25 augustus 1999 22:33
Onderwerp: RE: LF: New LF broadcast transmitter at Kootwijk?


>Hi All,
>
>Public awareness to the effects of extreme high power transmitters have
>resulted into a public discussion if Kootwijk is a propper site for a Giga
>powered LW transmitter. Legal procedures are pending to stop the project. A
>second site off-shore is developed at the moment. The location should be a
>few miles West of the Zeeland isles (South-East Netherlands). The plan
>includes antenna masts well over a hundred meters in height to be
>constructed on top of artificial sand isles in the North-Sea. There have
>also been asked questions in the Dutch parlament about governement approval
>given to this enterprise.
>
>best 73,
>
>Michael Sanders, PA3BSH.
>
>> -----Oorspronkelijk bericht-----
>> Van: majordom@post.thorcom.com [mailto:majordom@post.thorcom.com]namens
>> Hans-Joachim Brandt
>> Verzonden: woensdag 25 augustus 1999 19:56
>> Aan: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
>> Onderwerp: Re: LF: New LF broadcast transmitter at Kootwijk?
>>
>>
>> Hi all,
>>
>> I do not know what kind of LF equipment is still existing at
>> Kootwijk but the
>> following news may be of interest to all LF fans:
>>
>> Dick Rollema schrieb:
>>  Today even less than before as the only thing that is of
>> >  interest to KPN is making money. And to preserve a station
>> like Kootwijk or
>> >  SAQ only costs money.
>>
>> On an recent trip to the Netherlands (nr Groningen) I have read in a PTT
>> brochure that plans are underway for a new longwave transmitter
>> at Kootwijk, but
>> EMC problems were also foreseen for this area. Further
>> investigations revealed
>> the idea to operate a broadcast longwave transmitter at Kootwijk
>> and have the
>> programme compiled by a company in the U.K., aiming at listeners
>> in the U.K.
>>
>> HW?
>>
>> 73 Ha-Jo, DJ1ZB
>>
>>
>>
>
>
>



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: =?iso-8859-1?Q?V=E4in=F6_Lehtoranta?= <vaiski@dlc.fi>
Subject: Re: LF: Multiple Tuned Vertical
In-reply-to: <37C777F5.3441@xtra.co.nz>
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The German Navy VLF antenna at Rhauderfehn (Ramsloh)
23.4 kHz is multiple tuned. It comprises eight
325.5 metre umbrella top loaded antennas.
Each antenna is separately fed, and the 8 elements 
of the antenna array are coupled through radiation.

Rr= 1.9 ohm; Rg= 0.15 ohm; Ras= 2.25 ohm; eta= 87%.

73 from Vaino, OH2LX




At 17:47 28.8.1999 +1200, 
>Rik Strobbe wrote:
>> But what to do with the 'loss resistance' (RL) in the real world ?
>> Assume a simple model where both tuned sections share the same
>> ground-system. In that case RL would be in series with R and this would
>> mean that a double tuned vertical would not only quadruple the radiation
>> resistance but also the loss resistance, resulting in an unchanged ratio
>> between radiation resistance and loss resistance.
>
>Bob ZL2CA wrote:>
>Which is basically what I meant in my previous comments about
>"transformer action" from the division of current between multiple tuned
>vertical feeds.  It is similar to a folded dipole transformation. 
>Overall, multiple tuned verticals are still a similar antenna structure
>from the point of view of "looking back at it from some distance away". 
>Multiple tuned vertical parts are an "impedance transformation trick"
>but do very little, if anything, for the net radiation resistance of the
>whole antenna.  Where some advantages are likely is in the multiple
>grounds.
>

----------------------------------------------------------
V.K.Lehtoranta, OH2LX, POBox 50, FIN-05401 Jokela, Finland
------ Tel: +358-9-4173965 ---- Fax: +358-9-4173961 ------
E-mail: vaiski@dlc.fi - alias: oh2lx@dlc.fi & oh2lx@sral.fi


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Message-ID: <37C7DA02.77202DD0@tin.it>
Date: Sat, 28 Aug 1999 14:45:55 +0200
From: "Renato Romero" <reromero@tin.it>
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Subject: LF: Eclipse Monitoring
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>>From IK1QFK Renato Romero, Italy.

Details on recording dates about Eclipse effects on radio waves below 22
kHz are reported on my web page:
http://space.tin.it/scienza/rromero/
The site has been written in english (at least in my intentions and with
big difficulty) to reach the
greatest number of interested people.
Comments and critique are appreciated.
Many thanks.

Bye, Renato.





From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sat, 28 Aug 1999 21:58:27 +0200
From: "Peter W. Schnoor" <pwsch@nephro.uni-kiel.de>
Organization: University of Kiel, Clinic of Nephrology
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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Cc: lowfer@qth.net
Subject: LF: One Week of HBG75
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Hello,

Placed a graphic of my recordings of HBG75 (Aug. 07-15th) on
my website.
Look at: http://www.qsl.net/df3lp/projects.html 

(The solar flare event at Aug. 14th included)

If anybody wants the data in ASCII (*.con) or printable
PostScript (*.ps) format:
ftp://ftp.qsl.net/pub/df3lp/eclipse/

Please update your links...

54°16'N / 10°04'E, JO54ag
73 es gl de Peter, DF3LP


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Steve Olney" <ollaneg@zeta.org.au>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: LF: Re: Eclipse Monitoring
Date: Sun, 29 Aug 1999 08:41:17 +1000
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G'day Renato,

Excellent site!!  I found it very interesting and food for thought.

Thanks!!

73s Steve Olney (VK2ZTO/AXSO - QF56IK : Lat -33 34 07, Long +150 44 40)
=============================================
LowFer URL:
http://www.zeta.org.au/~ollaneg/lowfer.htm
AXSO LF Experimental Station URL:
http://www.zeta.org.au/~ollaneg/axsoextx.htm
LF Receiving - FRG-100
LF Transmitting - 177.5kHz 8W to 7.6m top-loaded vertical
Modes - AM, SSB, PSK31, SSTV, Hellschreiber and QRSS
=============================================


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Date: Sun, 29 Aug 1999 02:15:20 -0400
From: "Dave Sergeant" <sergeantd@compuserve.com>
Subject: LF: Loops - current measurements
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
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>From Dave G3YMC

This is a follow up on the mails earlier this month on this subject.

Today, assisted by Steve GW4ALG, we measured the rf current in my transmit
loop in a similar fashion to Steve's measurements on his loop.

For details of my loop see my web site: 
http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/sergeantd/136.htm

I have previously done extensive simulation of my loop and its matching
network using a circuit analysis package and from the required values of
capacitors in the network to achieve correct match concluded that the
effective resistance of my loop at 136 is around 0.6ohms.

Measurements are as follows:

DC resistance     0.1ohms
Wire:  twin 79/0.2mm loudspeaker cable, the two pairs joined in parallel

Measured input power 5.2W
Loop Current    2.64A
DC resistance of RF meter   0.09 ohm
hence Loop resistance  0.66 ohm  (R=P/(I*I)

This result fits exactly with my previous simulations!

Note that at my normal transmit power of 35W the loop current is 8 A and if
I were to put 400W into it I would get 26 A - perhaps the caps would start
objecting!

At first I thought much of this loss was due to the series loss resistance
of the matching capacitors (Philips 376) but further calculations from the
datasheets shows this not to be the case, as this is only around 50
milliohms.  What I need is an accurate formula for calculating the skin
effect resistance of the wire.  The 98 ARRL handbook has a 'rough guide'
formula which would increase the resistance by a factor of around 3.5,
which is not enough, unless there is another effect I have overlooked.

As an aside, for those of you who remember the Cross Field Antenna
discussion on here a few months back, GM3HAT now has a paper describing the
CFA antennas in Egypt (http://www.antennex.com/preview/cfa/nab99cfa.htm)
which makes interesting, if amusing reading.  It sounds convincing until
you start asking yourself how the beasty really works and what it doesn't
say...  Enough said.

Cheers Dave G3YMC
sergeantd@compuserve.com


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Sun, 29 Aug 1999 15:55:40 +0200
From: "Renato Romero" <reromero@tin.it>
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References: <199908282240.IAA23048@godzilla.zeta.org.au>
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Thanks Steve,
for the comments and for your expression "food for thought", thanks!
Very interesting also your site. I have transmit on 137 kHz band for many
months; now I am in QRX  but I should like to try to send in FELD mode. May
be in the future ... .
73, Renato.

Steve Olney ha scritto:

> G'day Renato,
>
> Excellent site!!  I found it very interesting and food for thought.
>
> Thanks!!
>
> 73s Steve Olney (VK2ZTO/AXSO - QF56IK : Lat -33 34 07, Long +150 44 40)
> =============================================
> LowFer URL:
> http://www.zeta.org.au/~ollaneg/lowfer.htm
> AXSO LF Experimental Station URL:
> http://www.zeta.org.au/~ollaneg/axsoextx.htm
> LF Receiving - FRG-100
> LF Transmitting - 177.5kHz 8W to 7.6m top-loaded vertical
> Modes - AM, SSB, PSK31, SSTV, Hellschreiber and QRSS
> =============================================




From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Message-ID: <001901bef263$d90f5f60$87078cd4@default>
From: "Alan Melia" <Alan.Melia@btinternet.com>
To: "rsgb_lf_group" <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Subject: LF: DX Cluster posting for 28th/29th August at GB7DXM
Date: Sun, 29 Aug 1999 19:22:45 +0100
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Hi All, I listened on QRSS for Valerio IK5ZPV on the 25th and 27th but
nothing heard here. What was more surprising was I did not hear anyone
calling him. The 25th and 26th were very noisy with T&L here but Friday
morning was very quiet.

Saturday at 0520Z DF3LP copied 'O' on QRS, later at 0600Z and 0704Z copied
DJ5BV on QRSS 'O'. No qsos seen on QRS this weekend, all CQs!

G3AQC was heard at 0842 136.4 kHz, and G4GVC wkg G0UPU at 0907Z, I could not
copy UPU here but the signal was just visible on the FFTDSP4 screen.

Sunday hrd ON4ZK on QRS at 0625Z, and DJ5BV at 0645Z and 0830Z also QRS, and
no normal logging until about 0900Z when the band seemed to have gone quiet.
Noise levels were low here on both days until quite late into the evenings.

Cluster spots are listed below. I have had the depth of the archive
increased to allow
me to get more than 2 days back spots. This seems to have been made worse by
the duplicate spots bounced back by, we think, an Internet connected node,
who is also making himself very unpopular by circulating rubbish from Japan.

   137.2  PA0SE       29-Aug-1999 0902Z  now with g4gvc
<DJ5BV>
   137.0  G4GVC       29-Aug-1999 0853Z
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  ON4ZK        29-Aug-1999 0619Z  cq slow-cw  (549)
<DJ5BV>
   137.0  G3XTZ         28-Aug-1999 0742Z
<DJ5BV>
   137.7  G4GVC       28-Aug-1999 0735Z
<DJ5BV>
   137.0  PA0MLC     24-Aug-1999 1930Z  cq
<DJ5BV>
   136.4  PA0CC       24-Aug-1999 1504Z  hi I finally got it !
<DJ5BV>
   137.4  PA0CC       24-Aug-1999 1502Z  (559) cq
<DJ5BV>
   136.7  G3YXM       23-Aug-1999 1757Z  (539)  clng g0vxg
<DJ5BV>
G3NYK de GB7DXM   29-Aug 1740Z >
  1800.0  DL3FDO     29-Aug-1999 0737Z   449 on 136.7                <DL1DA>
  1800.0  FISH          28-Aug-1999 0908Z  fcc licenced ???????     <VE1ZZ>
  1800.0  G4GVC      28-Aug-1999 0912Z  cq 136.75khz                <G3NYK>
  1800.0  DJ5BV       28-Aug-1999 0909Z  QRS cq 137.7 O            <G3NYK>
  1800.0  DJ5BV       23-Aug-1999 1750Z    136.9       cq
<DJ1RL>
G3NYK de GB7DXM   29-Aug 1741Z >
The FISH entry was a VE and a W1 spotting fishing bouys on Top Band!
73 de Alan G3NYK
Alan.Melia@btinternet.com





From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Dave Sergeant wrote:
> At first I thought much of this loss was due to the series loss resistance
> of the matching capacitors (Philips 376) but further calculations from the
> datasheets shows this not to be the case, as this is only around 50
> milliohms.  What I need is an accurate formula for calculating the skin
> effect resistance of the wire.  The 98 ARRL handbook has a 'rough guide'
> formula which would increase the resistance by a factor of around 3.5,
> which is not enough, unless there is another effect I have overlooked.

I understand from measurements made by Andrew ZL2BBJ, who uses a
transmitting loop, that the effective resistance of the wire is
increased not only by skin effect, but also by induction losses into
lossy ground.  The "eddy currents" in the ground reflect a small
resistance into the loop impedance.  Even a "big diameter tube" for a
loop antenna can not avoid the induced ground losses (at practical
heights above ground).

Bob ZL2CA



From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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From: "Johan Bodin" <sm6lkm.jbeab@swipnet.se>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Subject: SV: LF: Loops - current measurements
Date: Mon, 30 Aug 1999 14:15:37 +0200
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Hello


Regarding ground induction losses mentioned by Bob ZL2CA:

The loop design programs RJELOOP1 and RJELOOP2, written
by Reg / G4FGQ, both include induced ground loss when they
compute the total loss resistance.

These programs, as well as a lot of other useful programs,
are available as freeware at Reg's web site:

http://www.btinternet.com/~g4fgq.regp/


73 de Johan, SM6LKM




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Date: Mon, 30 Aug 1999 14:33:03
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: Re: LF: Eclipse Monitoring
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I just received a preliminary report from the eclipse-experiment of UBA
(Belgian amateur radio society) and KMI (Belgian meteorological institute).
They received a lot of reports for the 160, 80 and 40m band but only very
few for LF/VLF.
Therefore I would like to ask everybody who did measurements during the
eclipse and wants to help UBA and KMI with the eclipse-experiment to
contact the co-ordinator of the experiment, John Devoldere (ON4UN) via
e-mail : 

            john.devoldere@village.uunet.be


73, Rik  ON7YD


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


From rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Sun Jan 01 00:00:00 1970
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Date: Mon, 30 Aug 1999 14:48:10
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: "Rik Strobbe" <rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be>
Subject: LF: Multiple Tuned Vertical : some more maths
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I did some calculations on a more 'real-world' model of a MTV antenna,
assuming that the second tuned section has its own radial system (loss
resistance = R2)

             +------+---------+
             |      |         |
            +-+   -----      +-+
         L' | |   ----- C    | | L'
            | |     |        | |
            +-+    +-+       +-+
             |     | | R1     |
             |     +-+       +-+ 
             |      |        | | R2
        -----+      |        +-+
   Z =              |         |
        ------------+---------+

If we further assume that :
- both inductors are equal and have the double reactance as C
- the reactances of C and L are large compared to R1 and R2

The the result of the calculations is Z = 4 x R1 + R2

That means that only the 'R1' component is quadrupled, the 'loss
resistance' R2 of the second tuned section is just added !

I don't want to bore the whole LF-group with the maths, but I'm willing to
mail it direct to those interested (it's only about 5 lines of basic math).

73, Rik  ON7YD


Rik Strobbe  ON7YD
rik.strobbe@fys.kuleuven.ac.be
Villadreef 14  B-3128 Baal  BELGIUM   (JO20IX)


