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From: Eike DL3IKE <dl3ike@web.de>
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Date: Thu, 2 Aug 2018 17:53:04 +0200
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Subject: Re: VLF: Earth antenna transmissions on a guide rail?!?? 2nd day...
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Stefan wrote: "My wire is already ordered and payed anyway ( 
https://www.pollin.de/p/lautsprecherkabel-2x0-75-mm2-100m-transparent-cca-562602 
) "

Ah, this wire is 100% CCA, which means 100% "Copper Cladded Aluminum". 
It is lightweight and has good RF conductivity. I used it for my 
kite-antenna, see my page on qrz.com 73 de Eike DL3IKE


Am 31.07.2018 um 14:06 schrieb DK7FC:
> Hello Eike,
>
> Thanks for your ideas. That Alu-wire is good for normal E-field 
> antennas carrying some kV. A good source, thanks!
>
> BUT, here i need an isolated wire because it is laying on the ground 
> directly. OK, one could say that the wire would have only a very bad 
> contact to the ground, anyway when laying on dry grass. But over a 
> length of 900 m i expect the losses will be significant.
> It could be worth a test to compare both solutions but the isolated 
> cable will work for sure.
> My wire is already ordered and payed anyway ( 
> https://www.pollin.de/p/lautsprecherkabel-2x0-75-mm2-100m-transparent-cca-562602 
> )
>
> 73, Stefan
>
> Am 31.07.2018 13:19, schrieb Eike DL3IKE:
>> Hi Stefan,
>>
>> instead of expensive and heavy copper-wire take a look at this 
>> fence-wire: 
>> https://www.weidezaun.info/voss-farming-aludraht-alu-draht-400-m-2-0-mm.html# 
>>
>> 400m of 2mm diameter aluminium wire for aprox 30eur has a dc 
>> resistance of 4 Ohm an a weight of only 3,5kg.
>> You´ll find also other usefull things like these: 
>> https://www.weidezaun.info/weidezaun/verbinder-spanner.html and more 
>> for buildig long antennas.
>> A lot of those things are sold much mor expensive on 
>> ham-radio-markets...
>>
>> 73 de Eike DL3IKE
>>
>>
>>
>>
>> Am 30.07.2018 um 21:31 schrieb DK7FC:
>>> Hi VLF and ULF friends,
>>>
>>> In the attachment you can find 3 spectrograms from transmission of 
>>> the last weekend. For the 8270 Hz and 2970 Hz transmission i took 
>>> the data of the 900m ground loop, 5170 Hz is from the 450m ground loop.
>>> The 8270 Hz signal was very strong even in 3.8 mHz ('DFCW-600'). 
>>> Some real QRSS-60 would have been possible!
>>> The spectrograms also show that there was no trace on the frequency 
>>> of interest before and after the transmission (no traces from the 
>>> right channel ( 1 PPS) ).
>>>
>>> A few minutes ago i built the switchable network for resonating the 
>>> antenna properly. And i actually ordered 1000 m of that 0.75 mm^2 
>>> loudspeaker cable. Thus, in the next experiment i think the Q of the 
>>> antenna will be much higher and it will be possible to tune it 
>>> accurately. Then, the tuning capacitance will tell us what the 
>>> ground loop inductance is! And then, we can calculate the depth 
>>> where the current is flowing backwards in the ground, asuming a 
>>> simple model in first steps.
>>> Next, we can see whether the inductance or depth stays constant at 
>>> lower frequencies (hopefully it will increase!) by resonating the 
>>> antenna at 2.97 kHz for example.
>>>
>>> BTW i measured the DC resistance of the wire i used last weekend, it 
>>> is 116 Ohm, so it agrees well with the calculated 120 Ohm...
>>> The new wire should have 21.4 Ohm only.
>>>
>>> The big advantage of this antenna is that no high voltage and large 
>>> coils are needed. Usually the voltage is the limiting factor for a 
>>> VLF or ULF TX antenna. But not here. Here it is the power of the PA. 
>>> The antenna could easily handle 2 kW, which means 5.16 A, no problem 
>>> for the wire. And it would be a 20 dB stronger signal than last 
>>> weekend...
>>>
>>> 73, Stefan
>>>
>>>
>>>
>>> Am 29.07.2018 23:11, schrieb DK7FC:
>>>> As a next result from today's experiment, here is a spectrum peak 
>>>> of the 2970.005 Hz transmission. I reached 20 dB SNR in 180 uHz! 
>>>> This far more than expected, in July anyway.
>>>> It is the first ULF transmission (by amateurs) from an earth 
>>>> electrode TX antenna, detected in the far field.
>>>> Spectrograms will be produced soon...
>>>>
>>>> 73, Stefan
>>>>
>>>>
>>>> Am 29.07.2018 16:01, schrieb DK7FC:
>>>>> Hello Roman, VLF,
>>>>>
>>>>> I transmitted pure carriers each time. It was just a first test.
>>>>>
>>>>> Today i've done a second experiment, this time using a 900m long 
>>>>> wire! So the wire should have about 125 Ohm DC resistance. I 
>>>>> measured 220 mA DC at 38.4 V, so the overall loss is 175 Ohm. Very 
>>>>> interesting; the ground loss resistance stays at 50 Ohm although 
>>>>> the distance between the electrodes has doubled!
>>>>> If i would use the 0.75 mm loudspeaker cable then i can reduce the 
>>>>> losses by 100 Ohm which is more than 50 %, so i will gain 3 dB at 
>>>>> the same output power! Then with a switch mode PA having nearly 
>>>>> 100% efficiency i may gain 2 dB more (mmy lonear mode PA was not 
>>>>> well matched today and quite warm). So maybe i can reach 1 A 
>>>>> antenna current with just 75 watts??!!!
>>>>> Today i tuned to 550 mA antenna current again, at 8270 Hz. With 
>>>>> the scope, i measured the phas, it was more inductive than 
>>>>> yesterday. I actually found a 1 uF MKP-10 cap in my car and 
>>>>> switched it in series to the antenna. This improved the phase 
>>>>> slightly. Then i also found a low pass filter for 137 kHz, the 
>>>>> pypical pi configuration, i.e. it acts as 4*22 nF in parallel here 
>>>>> on this frequency. Switching this in series leads to a low 
>>>>> current, so the C is to small. So for the next experiment i'm 
>>>>> preraring a switchable C network (47n, 100n, 220n, 470n, 1u, 2.2u, 
>>>>> 4.7u). It will be even more necessary when i lower the wire 
>>>>> resistance (higher Q).
>>>>> Well, today the QRN was much lower, especially for the 2970.005 Hz 
>>>>> transmission period. Yesterday this was totally buried in the 
>>>>> noise on my RX on the tree. But today! I transmitted another 90 
>>>>> minutes with much lower QRN background. I already have a clear 
>>>>> spectrum peak but i like to try to improve it a bit more before 
>>>>> presenting it here.
>>>>> Todays carrier transmissions:
>>>>> 8270.000 Hz : 08:12...09:33 UTC
>>>>> 2970.005 Hz : 09:42...11:15 UTC
>>>>>
>>>>> Sorry for the confusing email ;-)
>>>>>
>>>>> 73, Stefan
>>
>>
>>
>


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    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">Stefan wrote: "My wire is already
      ordered and payed anyway (
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.pollin.de/p/lautsprecherkabel-2x0-75-mm2-100m-transparent-cca-562602">https://www.pollin.de/p/lautsprecherkabel-2x0-75-mm2-100m-transparent-cca-562602</a>
      )
      "<br>
      <br>
      <pre class="tw-data-text tw-ta tw-text-small" data-placeholder="Übersetzung" id="tw-target-text" style="text-align: left; height: 144px;" data-fulltext="" dir="ltr"><span lang="en">Ah, this wire is 100% CCA, which means 100% "Copper Cladded Aluminum". It is lightweight and has good RF conductivity.
I used it for my kite-antenna, see my page on qrz.com

73 de Eike DL3IKE
</span></pre>
      <br>
      <br>
      Am 31.07.2018 um 14:06 schrieb DK7FC:<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote type="cite" cite="mid:5B6050DA.60905@posteo.de">Hello
      Eike,
      <br>
      <br>
      Thanks for your ideas. That Alu-wire is good for normal E-field
      antennas carrying some kV. A good source, thanks!
      <br>
      <br>
      BUT, here i need an isolated wire because it is laying on the
      ground directly. OK, one could say that the wire would have only a
      very bad contact to the ground, anyway when laying on dry grass.
      But over a length of 900 m i expect the losses will be
      significant.
      <br>
      It could be worth a test to compare both solutions but the
      isolated cable will work for sure.
      <br>
      My wire is already ordered and payed anyway (
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.pollin.de/p/lautsprecherkabel-2x0-75-mm2-100m-transparent-cca-562602">https://www.pollin.de/p/lautsprecherkabel-2x0-75-mm2-100m-transparent-cca-562602</a>
      )
      <br>
      <br>
      73, Stefan
      <br>
      <br>
      Am 31.07.2018 13:19, schrieb Eike DL3IKE:
      <br>
      <blockquote type="cite">Hi Stefan,
        <br>
        <br>
        instead of expensive and heavy copper-wire take a look at this
        fence-wire:
<a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.weidezaun.info/voss-farming-aludraht-alu-draht-400-m-2-0-mm.html#">https://www.weidezaun.info/voss-farming-aludraht-alu-draht-400-m-2-0-mm.html#</a>
        <br>
        400m of 2mm diameter aluminium wire for aprox 30eur has a dc
        resistance of 4 Ohm an a weight of only 3,5kg.
        <br>
        You´ll find also other usefull things like these:
        <a class="moz-txt-link-freetext" href="https://www.weidezaun.info/weidezaun/verbinder-spanner.html">https://www.weidezaun.info/weidezaun/verbinder-spanner.html</a> and
        more for buildig long antennas.
        <br>
        A lot of those things are sold much mor expensive on
        ham-radio-markets...
        <br>
        <br>
        73 de Eike DL3IKE
        <br>
        <br>
        <br>
        <br>
        <br>
        Am 30.07.2018 um 21:31 schrieb DK7FC:
        <br>
        <blockquote type="cite">Hi VLF and ULF friends,
          <br>
          <br>
          In the attachment you can find 3 spectrograms from
          transmission of the last weekend. For the 8270 Hz and 2970 Hz
          transmission i took the data of the 900m ground loop, 5170 Hz
          is from the 450m ground loop.
          <br>
          The 8270 Hz signal was very strong even in 3.8 mHz
          ('DFCW-600'). Some real QRSS-60 would have been possible!
          <br>
          The spectrograms also show that there was no trace on the
          frequency of interest before and after the transmission (no
          traces from the right channel ( 1 PPS) ).
          <br>
          <br>
          A few minutes ago i built the switchable network for
          resonating the antenna properly. And i actually ordered 1000 m
          of that 0.75 mm^2 loudspeaker cable. Thus, in the next
          experiment i think the Q of the antenna will be much higher
          and it will be possible to tune it accurately. Then, the
          tuning capacitance will tell us what the ground loop
          inductance is! And then, we can calculate the depth where the
          current is flowing backwards in the ground, asuming a simple
          model in first steps.
          <br>
          Next, we can see whether the inductance or depth stays
          constant at lower frequencies (hopefully it will increase!) by
          resonating the antenna at 2.97 kHz for example.
          <br>
          <br>
          BTW i measured the DC resistance of the wire i used last
          weekend, it is 116 Ohm, so it agrees well with the calculated
          120 Ohm...
          <br>
          The new wire should have 21.4 Ohm only.
          <br>
          <br>
          The big advantage of this antenna is that no high voltage and
          large coils are needed. Usually the voltage is the limiting
          factor for a VLF or ULF TX antenna. But not here. Here it is
          the power of the PA. The antenna could easily handle 2 kW,
          which means 5.16 A, no problem for the wire. And it would be a
          20 dB stronger signal than last weekend...
          <br>
          <br>
          73, Stefan
          <br>
          <br>
          <br>
          <br>
          Am 29.07.2018 23:11, schrieb DK7FC:
          <br>
          <blockquote type="cite">As a next result from today's
            experiment, here is a spectrum peak of the 2970.005 Hz
            transmission. I reached 20 dB SNR in 180 uHz! This far more
            than expected, in July anyway.
            <br>
            It is the first ULF transmission (by amateurs) from an earth
            electrode TX antenna, detected in the far field.
            <br>
            Spectrograms will be produced soon...
            <br>
            <br>
            73, Stefan
            <br>
            <br>
            <br>
            Am 29.07.2018 16:01, schrieb DK7FC:
            <br>
            <blockquote type="cite">Hello Roman, VLF,
              <br>
              <br>
              I transmitted pure carriers each time. It was just a first
              test.
              <br>
              <br>
              Today i've done a second experiment, this time using a
              900m long wire! So the wire should have about 125 Ohm DC
              resistance. I measured 220 mA DC at 38.4 V, so the overall
              loss is 175 Ohm. Very interesting; the ground loss
              resistance stays at 50 Ohm although the distance between
              the electrodes has doubled!
              <br>
              If i would use the 0.75 mm loudspeaker cable then i can
              reduce the losses by 100 Ohm which is more than 50 %, so i
              will gain 3 dB at the same output power! Then with a
              switch mode PA having nearly 100% efficiency i may gain 2
              dB more (mmy lonear mode PA was not well matched today and
              quite warm). So maybe i can reach 1 A antenna current with
              just 75 watts??!!!
              <br>
              Today i tuned to 550 mA antenna current again, at 8270 Hz.
              With the scope, i measured the phas, it was more inductive
              than yesterday. I actually found a 1 uF MKP-10 cap in my
              car and switched it in series to the antenna. This
              improved the phase slightly. Then i also found a low pass
              filter for 137 kHz, the pypical pi configuration, i.e. it
              acts as 4*22 nF in parallel here on this frequency.
              Switching this in series leads to a low current, so the C
              is to small. So for the next experiment i'm preraring a
              switchable C network (47n, 100n, 220n, 470n, 1u, 2.2u,
              4.7u). It will be even more necessary when i lower the
              wire resistance (higher Q).
              <br>
              Well, today the QRN was much lower, especially for the
              2970.005 Hz transmission period. Yesterday this was
              totally buried in the noise on my RX on the tree. But
              today! I transmitted another 90 minutes with much lower
              QRN background. I already have a clear spectrum peak but i
              like to try to improve it a bit more before presenting it
              here.
              <br>
              Todays carrier transmissions:
              <br>
              8270.000 Hz : 08:12...09:33 UTC
              <br>
              2970.005 Hz : 09:42...11:15 UTC
              <br>
              <br>
              Sorry for the confusing email ;-)
              <br>
              <br>
              73, Stefan
              <br>
            </blockquote>
          </blockquote>
        </blockquote>
        <br>
        <br>
        <br>
      </blockquote>
      <br>
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