Return-Path: Received: from post.thorcom.com (post.thorcom.com [195.171.43.25]) by mtain-mb03.r1000.mx.aol.com (Internet Inbound) with ESMTP id 54617380000B0; Wed, 13 Jun 2012 20:56:34 -0400 (EDT) Received: from majordom by post.thorcom.com with local (Exim 4.14) id 1SeyLe-0005vd-CO for rs_out_1@blacksheep.org; Thu, 14 Jun 2012 01:55:42 +0100 Received: from [195.171.43.32] (helo=relay1.thorcom.net) by post.thorcom.com with esmtp (Exim 4.14) id 1SeyLd-0005vU-1a for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Thu, 14 Jun 2012 01:55:41 +0100 Received: from smtpout4.wanadoo.co.uk ([80.12.242.68] helo=smtpout.wanadoo.co.uk) by relay1.thorcom.net with esmtp (Exim 4.77) (envelope-from ) id 1SeyLY-0006sI-7l for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Thu, 14 Jun 2012 01:55:39 +0100 Received: from AGB ([2.26.8.23]) by mwinf5d49 with ME id N0va1j00J0VovFE030va2f; Thu, 14 Jun 2012 02:55:35 +0200 Message-ID: <51AD766F39DB486D83959D6053278D61@AGB> From: "Graham" To: References: <1339438549.67345.YahooMailNeo@web171605.mail.ir2.yahoo.com> <85F124CBD59C48FEB97567F3B69B2AC1@lindavideo> <1339499711.77638.YahooMailNeo@web171605.mail.ir2.yahoo.com> <006a01cd48cb$f2e1aed0$0401a8c0@xphd97xgq27nyf> <1339599103.18960.YahooMailNeo@web171605.mail.ir2.yahoo.com> <4FD900B4.7020905@iup.uni-heidelberg.de> <1339628355.5649.YahooMailNeo@web171601.mail.ir2.yahoo.com> In-Reply-To: <1339628355.5649.YahooMailNeo@web171601.mail.ir2.yahoo.com> Date: Thu, 14 Jun 2012 01:55:34 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal Importance: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Windows Live Mail 14.0.8117.416 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V14.0.8117.416 X-Antivirus: avast! (VPS 120613-1, 13/06/2012), Outbound message X-Antivirus-Status: Clean X-Spam-Score: 0.0 (/) X-Spam-Report: Spam detection software, running on the system "relay1.thorcom.net", has identified this incoming email as possible spam. The original message has been attached to this so you can view it (if it isn't spam) or label similar future email. If you have any questions, see the administrator of that system for details. Content preview: Ok Pete .. blow up ? !!......Depends on the tubes : )) http://home.comcast.net/~n6jv/data/6C21.pdf This is what you need (with a bit of re-work) ..... http://www.radartutorial.eu/08.transmitters/tx06.en.html VK or Bust !! [...] Content analysis details: (0.0 points, 5.0 required) pts rule name description ---- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -0.0 RCVD_IN_DNSWL_NONE RBL: Sender listed at http://www.dnswl.org/, no trust [80.12.242.68 listed in list.dnswl.org] 0.0 HTML_MESSAGE BODY: HTML included in message X-Scan-Signature: 0c1f7af251f245a05e93ee9dfac7f205 Subject: Re: LF: RE: Class E etc Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0076_01CD49D0.C94B8F90" X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.63 (2004-01-11) on post.thorcom.com X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0.4 required=5.0 tests=HTML_50_60, HTML_FONTCOLOR_UNKNOWN,HTML_MESSAGE,MISSING_OUTLOOK_NAME autolearn=no version=2.63 X-SA-Exim-Scanned: Yes Sender: owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Precedence: bulk Reply-To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org X-Listname: rsgb_lf_group X-SA-Exim-Rcpt-To: rs_out_1@blacksheep.org X-SA-Exim-Scanned: No; SAEximRunCond expanded to false x-aol-global-disposition: G X-AOL-SCOLL-SCORE: 1:2:490598240:93952408 X-AOL-SCOLL-URL_COUNT: 1 x-aol-sid: 3039ac1d60174fd936c25994 X-AOL-IP: 195.171.43.25 X-AOL-SPF: domain : blacksheep.org SPF : none This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_0076_01CD49D0.C94B8F90 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Ok Pete .. blow up ? !!......Depends on the tubes : )) = http://home.comcast.net/~n6jv/data/6C21.pdf This is what you need (with a bit of re-work) ..... =20 http://www.radartutorial.eu/08.transmitters/tx06.en.html VK or Bust !! FL2000 , with 2 x 813 ? nice amp, my skanti trp5000 has = 2 x 4cx250-b in the PA runs well 1.8/30 Mhz , I use 2 = combined skanti 250 watt solid state 50v linear amps with the = ma1723 for LF>Hf , wide band , just change the ATU hi ..... = could do with a simple class e/d for 500 as the ab1 amps are a = little power hungry ..=20 G.. From: M0FMT=20 Sent: Wednesday, June 13, 2012 11:59 PM To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org=20 Subject: Re: LF: RE: Class E etc Hi Stefan and Graham Thanks for the comments. None of my MF/LF tx.s run more that 160watts = although by seriesing a couple of PSUs one with a floating ground I can = run about 280Watts o/p from the TX. I don't like seriesing the PSUs so = only do it during experimenting not on the air. Need to build a new high = voltage PSU 100V at a good current rating. The rigs are FET PA IRF840 = etc mostly xtal controlled or xtal mixer type master oscillator (but do = have DDS), into a FET driver chip. And set them as described earlier. I have played with High power Audio amps on 136kc/s transforming the Low = impedance to 50 ohms+/- using Ferrite cored transformer to drive the = antenna tuner. Front end currently popped!! Using it for QRSS = overnight.Will get it back on soon. My interest in Valve or Tube TX is a side issue and am not advocating = them for serious modern MF/LF work. However there is no reason why not. I have made a couple of TUBE QRP rigs one for 160/80 about 4/5 watts out = Choke modulated AM and CW and FSK. Worked most of UK on AM on 3.615megs. = The second is a copy for 500kc/s was originally VFO controlled but now = is again xtal mixer vxo. They use 6CL6 video tubes in the PA. The = 500kc/s tube tx only runs a watt o/p yet to figure out why, it should be = about 5watts. How ever on my new found Opera4 have been reported in PA0 = land (on the limit). I have built and still got one or two 807 PAed rigs for 80m knocking = about. Plus a Louis Varney design made by an unknown amateur in the = 1950s and a Codar T5 and a push pull 807 rig on the stocks.... but = probably won't get finished. Plus an FL2000B. This to show my thermionic = credentials.... hee! For shear interest I would like to try and make a high efficiency TUBE = PA but probably won't get around to it. But that 1960s RCA AM BC TX = design looks interesting but probably very dodgy to set up, stability = and all. Graham your arc tubes is all very well but what I have read is = that they have a tendency to blow up...... and so do FETs ok so no = change there then. My current limitation to power Stefan is lack of a single stable PSU = with a couple of KW output. The antenna is now reduce to 35ft up and = 128ft top.=20 I don't have a good RX for MF/LF what I have are deaf by others = standards and this is my main area of interest at the moment. I have = used a TS50 and a TS690s full filters plus a couple of direct conversion = HB RX with active filers and notch. Front ends have gone from dual gate mosfet to straight into the mixer = but S/N is still poor evidenced by WSPR and Opera reports I give to = other station who are being received much better elsewhere. If any one = can help me with that then it would make life here on MF/LF a lot = better.=20 Keep the bands open and may get to work you Stefan now you have = 472/9....... why the delay in the UK???? 73 es GL Pete M0FMT IO91UX From: Stefan Sch=E4fer To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org=20 Sent: Wednesday, 13 June 2012, 22:05 Subject: Re: LF: RE: Class E etc Hi Pete, LF,=20 On 137 kHz or 500 kHz you can quite easy achieve 95% efficiency with a = class E PA. BTW a ferrite transformer is not needed! So if your antenna = provides stable resonance and impdedance and if you like to play arround = a bit to obtain the best efficiency (not the highes output power), a = well designed class E PA is definitifely a good choice! 1 kW RF (CW, key = down!) is possible with a single IRFP MOSFET.=20 I hardly expect that you will get such an efficiency with a tube amp but = i can understand the fascination of a glowing tube in a dark shack, = although i'm not from the tube generation ;-) The first power amplifier = i heard of was a 2N3055 in the late 80s as i was 12 year old or so :-) 73, Stefan/DK7FC Am 13.06.2012 16:51, schrieb M0FMT:=20 Well shoot me down with my britches on fire! Mal=20 I have just found an article on an enhanced Class C in Tube amplifiers = By RCA. I have heard of higher efficiency Valve amps but never gave them any = time because I thought they used special valves to achieve the fast = response. But apparently not, it relies on a tuned circuit in the anode = and cathode. The cathode LC being set at the third harmonic of the anode = one. By combining the drive wave with the third hamonic you get a very = fast rising pulse type wave at the drive frequency in the PA tuned = circuit as with a class D/E solid state amp. URL is ........ = http://nrcdxas.org/articles/bta5t/ I think the point about this is that it works OK for fixed frequency = TX's like broadcast transmitters and the like. And probably will work OK = for us on LF with such narrow allocations where we may get away with one = set up. Now to see if it is scalable to lower power video tubes. 73 es GL Pete M0FMT IO91UX From: mal hamilton To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org=20 Sent: Tuesday, 12 June 2012, 19:48 Subject: Re: LF: RE: Class E etc Pete es Co The class C tube amplifer is the nearest you can get to class D or E = and well designed would produce 70% efficiency. The class D or E is not really an amplifier in the convential sense it = is merely an RF switch at the frequency of interest and the voltage = generated is increased by a step up transformer with probably 80% to 90% = efficiency if you are lucky.=20 Like some have said a tube amp is more robust and tolerant of mismatch = to antenna without smoke. Fets are good but can go bang if one is not = careful about matching to load. I have some Dentron amps for the HF bands and they have been going for = years. Fets are probably more manageable, compact and safer regarding = voltages, beware of tubes with voltages of a few K/volts at high = current, like an electric chair!! 73 de mal/g3kev ----- Original Message -----=20 From: M0FMT=20 To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org=20 Sent: Tuesday, June 12, 2012 11:15 AM Subject: Re: LF: RE: Class E etc Hi Ken I believe you can operate some thermionic devices in higher classes = than C but they generally lack the frequency response of a modern FET. I = won't go into figures but just think about it. The high efficiency = output stage has to operate like a switch it is not actually an = amplifier. The faster it changes state from fully on with ultra low = resistance to fully off (which means a device that will operate well = into the VHF) the higher the efficiency. If you have a device that is = barely rated to say a couple of megs its not going to be much good (in = terms of what we are talking about) at 500kc/s. Remember you are trying = to get the magnetic field in the inductor to rise and collapse at a very = fast rate in-order to generate a high electromagnetic field at the drive = frequency. We are not talking sine waves here as a scope on the drain = will show. Although a scope on the output side of the drain inductor = will show quite a clean looking sine wave. Try it. That chart at the end of that PDF file is very clever and is the = guide I use to bring a PA into optimum performance. What I was trying to say is that the math is all very well but if = you are trying to make a practical and efficient CW TX for LF then there = is enough empirical data from following the guide lines lines shown on = the sites I have posted that will get you a good TX. If you want a = doctorate in theoretical physics to bamboozle you colleagues then that = will detract from the time it takes to build a very interesting high = power, efficient TX design well within anybodies capabilities. The = GW3UEP design being IMHO a very good (Scalable) example with no RadCom = style unobtainium in the components listing. 73 es GL Pete M0FMT IO91UX From: Ken To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org=20 Sent: Monday, 11 June 2012, 22:09 Subject: LF: RE: Class E etc Hi Pete. About 40 years ago my integration was quite good, liked doing 2nd = order differential equations, partial integration and integration by = parts, the one thing I had big problems with was 3 dimensional = integration of a point in free space . Looking at some of the sites my = Class C MOSFET PA is probably more like Class E by default. The reason I = like valves is because they are very forgiving devices unlike = semiconductors, also the keep the shack and the cat warm. 73s Ken M0KHW From: owner- rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org [mailto: owner- = rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org ] On Behalf Of M0FMT Sent: 11 June 2012 19:16 To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Subject: LF: Class E etc Hi Ken=20 Ha ha Stefan, how good is your Integration Ken? Here are a couple of sites that should answer your questions. You = need a good dummy load and a good oscilloscope. Setting the conditions = for the amplifier is to do with A/ the correct driver preferably using = a FET drive chip (like TC4422 non and TC4421 inverting) that will turn = the FET fully on and fully off on each cycle. Very fast rise time with = accurate on off timing (mark / space). Ensuring the max permitted gate = voltage for the FET is not exceeded otherwise they pop, look out for = transients, a diode clamp helps. B/ Setting the shunt capacitance and = inductance in the drain circuit can be done empirically See article = below. Then follow it with a low pass filter, although the output wave = will be surprisingly clean. Calculating the values is difficult as you = don't necessarily know all the starting parameters and in any case the = result is going to wide of the mark. The site below will gives some = starting values. Best to use 'Scope measurements to set the output = conditions. You are looking for fast, very fast On / Off rise times. = Gate drive and understanding the drain circuit is the key. These amplifiers are capable of incredibly good efficiency well = above a dodgy class C amp. This means the heat dissipation from the FET = is very low at high power giving cool heat-sinks! The GW3UEP (do a web search) single ended design is capable good = efficiency and high power depending upon the FET used and Drain supply = voltage. I have modified one to run reliably at 140watts and is capable = of almost twice that into a dummy load with a heat sink that is fairly = cool. Adjusting L and C empirically using the 'scope to get the correct = drain wave shape for max efficiency is the way to go. The article below = shows you what you are looking for. I set my TX up into a 50 Ohm dummy = load adjusting L and C to get the correct drain wave shape on the 'scope = then measuring the peak voltage across the Dummy load. I then transfer = my connector from the Dummy load to the input of the tuned transformer = in the antenna up-lead. I adjust the coupling link to give the same peak = voltage across the tuner link turns. You are not looking for maximum = peak just the sames as across the dummy load indicating a 50ohm match. = This is done by either adding or reducing the number of turns (about two = turns) along with bringing the the transformer to resonance by measuring = the peak up-lead current, here you are looking for the maximum peak. =20 Oh yes and WIMA high voltage high value capacitors from Maplin work = well. Read the articles and search info on class E amplifiers.=20 For some bed time reading but ignor the math look at the Tuning = Procedure and the pictures at the end which tell it all really..... = http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~culler/AIIT/papers/radio/Sokal%20AACD5-powera= mps.pdf For design ideas http://www.classeradio.com/ For a good practical circuit for a single ended amp that is a = scalable surefire design, no need to reinvent the wheel. http://www.gw3uep.ukfsn.org/ For antennas and antenna feed methods a "look no where else site"=20 http://www.strobbe.eu/on7yd/136ant/ 73 es GL Pete M0FMT IO91UX =20 ------=_NextPart_000_0076_01CD49D0.C94B8F90 Content-Type: text/html; charset="iso-8859-1" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Ok Pete .. blow up ? !!......Depends on the  tubes  : = ))  http://home.comcast.= net/~n6jv/data/6C21.pdf
 
This  is what  you need  (with a  bit of = re-work) =20 ..... 
http://= www.radartutorial.eu/08.transmitters/tx06.en.html
VK or Bust  !!
 
FL2000   , with  2  x 813  ?  = nice =20 amp,   my  skanti  trp5000   = has   =20 2 x    4cx250-b   in the  PA  runs = well =20 1.8/30 Mhz  ,   I  use   2  =20 combined  skanti 250 watt solid state 50v   linear = amps =20 with the  ma1723 for  LF>Hf  , wide  band  , =  just change the  ATU  hi .....   could  = do =20 with a  simple  class e/d for  500  as  = the =20 ab1  amps  are a little  power hungry ..
 
G..
 

From: M0FMT
Sent: Wednesday, June 13, 2012 11:59 PM
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org= =20
Subject: Re: LF: RE: Class E etc

Hi Stefan and Graham
 
Thanks for the comments. None of my MF/LF tx.s = run more that=20 160watts although by seriesing = a couple of=20 PSUs one with a floating = ground I can run=20 about 280Watts o/p from the TX. I don't like seriesing the PSUs so=20 only do it during experimenting not on the air. Need to build a = new high=20 voltage PSU 100V at a good = current=20 rating. The rigs are FET = PA IRF840 etc mostly xtal controlled or xtal=20 mixer type master oscillator (but do have DDS), into a FET driver chip. And set them as described=20 earlier.
 
I have played with High power Audio amps on 136kc/s = transforming the=20 Low impedance to 50 ohms+/- using Ferrite cored transformer to drive the = antenna=20 tuner. Front end currently popped!!=20 Using it for QRSS = overnight.Will get it=20 back on soon.
 
My interest in Valve or Tube TX is a side issue and am not = advocating=20 them for serious modern MF/LF = work.=20 However there is no reason why not.
 
I have made a couple of TUBE QRP rigs one for 160/80 about 4/5 watts out Choke = modulated AM=20 and CW and FSK. Worked most = of UK on AM=20 on 3.615megs. The second is a copy for 500kc/s was originally VFO controlled but now is again = xtal mixer vxo. They use 6CL6 video tubes in the PA. The = 500kc/s tube=20 tx only runs a watt o/p yet = to figure out=20 why, it should be about 5watts. How ever on my new found Opera4=20 have been reported in PA0 land (on the limit).
I have built and still got one or two 807 PAed rigs for 80m knocking about. Plus a Louis Varney design made by an unknown = amateur in the=20 1950s and a Codar T5 and a = push pull 807=20 rig on the stocks.... but probably won't get finished. Plus an FL2000B. = This to=20 show my thermionic credentials.... hee!
 
For shear interest I would like to try and make a high = efficiency=20 TUBE PA but probably won't get around to it. But that 1960s RCA AM BC TX = design=20 looks interesting but probably very dodgy to set up, stability and all. = Graham=20 your arc tubes is all very well but what I have read is that they have a = tendency to blow up...... and so do FETs=20 ok so no change there = then.
 
My current limitation to power Stefan is lack of a single = stable=20 PSU with a couple of KW = output. The=20 antenna is now reduce to 35ft up and 128ft top.
 
I don't have a good RX for MF/LF what I have are deaf by others standards and = this is my=20 main area of interest at the moment. I have used a TS50 and a TS690s = full=20 filters plus a couple of direct conversion HB RX with active filers and = notch.
Front ends have gone from dual gate mosfet to straight into the mixer but S/N is still = poor evidenced by WSPR and Opera reports I give to other station who = are being=20 received much better = elsewhere. If any=20 one can help me with that then it would make life here on MF/LF a lot better.
 
Keep the = bands=20 open and may get to work you Stefan now you have 472/9....... why the delay in the UK????
 
73 es GL Pete M0FMT = IO91UX
From: Stefan Sch=E4fer=20 <Stefan.Schaefer@iup.uni-heidelberg.de>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org=20
Sent: Wednesday, 13 = June 2012,=20 22:05
Subject: Re: = LF: RE:=20 Class E etc

Hi Pete, LF,

On 137 kHz or 500 kHz you can quite easy = achieve 95%=20 efficiency with a class E PA. BTW a ferrite transformer is not needed! = So if=20 your antenna provides stable resonance and impdedance and if you like to play arround a bit to obtain the best efficiency (not the = highes output power), a well = designed class E=20 PA is definitifely a good = choice! 1 kW RF=20 (CW, key down!) is possible with a single IRFP MOSFET.
I=20 hardly expect that you will get such an efficiency with a tube amp but i = can=20 understand the fascination of a glowing tube in a dark shack, although = i'm not from the tube generation = ;-) The first=20 power amplifier i heard of was a 2N3055 in the late 80s as i was 12 year = old or=20 so :-)

73, Stefan/DK7FC


Am 13.06.2012 16:51, = schrieb M0FMT:=20
Well shoot me down with = my=20 britches on fire!
 
Mal
I have just found an article on an enhanced Class C in Tube = amplifiers By RCA.
I have heard of higher = efficiency=20 Valve amps but never gave them any time because I thought they used = special=20 valves to achieve the fast response. But apparently not, it relies on = a tuned=20 circuit in the anode and cathode. The cathode LC being set at the = third=20 harmonic of the anode one. By combining the drive wave with the third = hamonic you get a very fast = rising pulse=20 type wave at the drive frequency in the PA tuned circuit as with = a class=20 D/E solid state amp. URL is ........ http://nrcdxas.org/articles/bta5t/
 
=
I think the point about = this is=20 that it works OK for fixed frequency TX's like broadcast transmitters and the like. And = probably=20 will work OK for us on LF with such narrow allocations where we may = get away=20 with one set up.
 
Now to see if it is = scalable to=20 lower power video tubes.
 
73 es GL Pete M0FMT IO91UX
From: mal hamilton <g3kevmal@talktalk.net>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.= org=20
Sent: Tuesday, 12 = June 2012,=20 19:48
Subject: Re: = LF: RE:=20 Class E etc

Pete es Co
The class C tube amplifer is the nearest you can get to class D or = E and well=20 designed would produce 70% efficiency.
The class D or E is not really an amplifier in = the convential sense it is merely an = RF switch at=20 the frequency of interest and the voltage generated is increased by a = step up=20 transformer with probably 80% to 90% efficiency if you are lucky.=20
Like some have said a tube amp is more robust = and=20 tolerant of mismatch to antenna without smoke. Fets are good but can go bang if one is not = careful about=20 matching to load.
I have some Dentron amps for the HF bands and they have been = going for=20 years.
Fets are probably=20 more manageable, compact  and safer regarding voltages, beware of = tubes=20 with voltages of a few K/volts at high current, like an electric=20 chair!!
73 de mal/g3kev
 
----- Original Message -----
From: M0FMT
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.= org=20
Sent: Tuesday, June 12, 2012 = 11:15=20 AM
Subject: Re: LF: RE: Class E = etc

Hi Ken
 
I believe you=20 can operate some thermionic devices in higher classes than = C but=20 they generally lack the frequency response of a modern FET. I won't go into figures but just = think about=20 it. The high efficiency=20 output stage has to operate like a switch it is not actually an = amplifier.=20 The faster it changes state from fully on with ultra low resistance = to fully=20 off (which means a device that will operate well into=20 the VHF) the higher the efficiency. If you have a device = that is=20 barely rated to say a couple of megs its not going to be much good = (in terms=20 of what we are talking about) at 500kc/s. Remember you are = trying to=20 get the magnetic field in the inductor to rise and collapse at a very = fast=20 rate in-order to=20 generate a high electromagnetic field at the drive frequency. We are = not=20 talking sine waves here as a scope on the drain will show. Although = a scope=20 on the output side of the drain inductor will show quite a clean = looking=20 sine wave. Try it.
 
That chart at the end of that PDF=20 file is very clever and is the guide I use to bring a PA into = optimum=20 performance.
 
What I was trying to say is that the math is all very = well but if=20 you are trying to make a practical and efficient CW TX for LF=20 then there is enough empirical data from = following=20 the guide lines lines shown on the sites I have posted that = will get=20 you a good TX. If you want a doctorate in theoretical physics to = bamboozle you colleagues then = that will=20 detract from the time it takes to build a very interesting high = power,=20 efficient TX design well within anybodies = capabilities. The GW3UEP=20 design being IMHO a very good (Scalable) example with no RadCom style unobtainium in the components = listing.
 
73 es GL Pete M0FMT IO91UX
From: Ken <ken.h.wright@btinterne= t.com>
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.= org=20
Sent: Monday, 11 = June=20 2012, 22:09
Subject: LF:=20 RE: Class E etc

Hi Pete.
About 40 years ago my integration was = quite=20 good, liked doing 2nd order differential equations, = partial=20 integration and integration by parts, the one thing I had big = problems with=20 was 3 dimensional integration of a point in free space . =   Looking=20 at some of the sites my Class C MOSFET=20 PA is probably more like Class E by default. The reason I like = valves is=20 because they are very forgiving devices unlike semiconductors, also = the keep=20 the shack and the cat warm.
 
73s
 
Ken
 
M0KHW
 
From: owner- rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.= org=20 [mailto: owner- rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.= org=20 ] On Behalf Of=20 M0FMT
Sent: 11=20 June 2012 19:16
To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.= org
Subject: LF: Class E=20 etc
 
 
Hi Ken =
 
Ha ha Stefan, how good is your Integration=20 Ken?
 
Here are a couple of sites that = should answer=20 your questions. You need a good dummy load and a good oscilloscope. = Setting=20 the conditions for the amplifier is to do with  A/ the correct = driver=20 preferably using a FET=20 drive chip (like TC4422 non and TC4421 inverting) that will turn the = FET fully on and fully off on each = cycle. Very=20 fast rise time with accurate on off timing (mark / space). = Ensuring=20 the max permitted gate voltage for the FET is not exceeded otherwise they = pop, look=20 out for transients, a diode clamp helps.  B/ Setting the shunt=20 capacitance and inductance in the drain circuit can be = done empirically = See=20 article below. Then follow it with a low pass filter, = although the=20 output wave will be surprisingly= =20 clean. Calculating the values is difficult as you don't = necessarily=20 know all the starting parameters and in any case the = result=20 is going to wide of the mark. The site below will gives some = starting=20 values. Best to use 'Scope measurements= to=20 set the output conditions. You are looking for fast, very fast On / = Off rise=20 times. Gate drive and understanding the drain circuit is the=20 key.
These amplifiers are capable of = incredibly good=20 efficiency well above a dodgy class C amp. This means the heat = dissipation=20 from the FET is very low at high=20 power giving cool heat-sinks!
 
The GW3UEP (do=20 a web search) single ended design is capable good efficiency&n= bsp;and=20 high power depending upon the FET=20 used and Drain supply voltage. I have modified one to run reliably = at=20 140watts and is capable of almost twice that into a dummy load with = a heat=20 sink that is fairly cool. Adjusting L and C empirically = using=20 the 'scope to get the correct drain wave shape for max efficiency is = the way=20 to go. The article below shows you what you are looking for. I set = my TX up=20 into a 50 Ohm dummy load adjusting L and C to get the correct drain = wave=20 shape on the 'scope then measuring the peak voltage across the Dummy = load. I then transfer my connector from the Dummy load to = the=20 input of the tuned transformer in the antenna up-lead. I = adjust=20 the coupling link to give the same peak voltage across the = tuner link=20 turns. You are not looking for maximum peak just the sames as across = the=20 dummy load indicating a 50ohm match. This is done by = either adding=20 or reducing the number of turns (about two turns) along with = bringing=20 the the transformer to resonance by measuring the peak up-lead = current,=20 here you are looking for the maximum=20 peak.  
 
Oh yes and WIMA=20 high voltage high value capacitors from Maplin=20 work well.
 
Read the articles and search info on = class E=20 amplifiers. 
 
 
For some bed time reading but ignor the math look at the Tuning = Procedure and the=20 pictures at the end which tell it all really..... http://www.cs.berkeley.edu/~culler/AIIT/papers/radio/Soka= l%20AACD5-poweramps.pdf
 
For design=20 ideas
=
 
For a good practical circuit for a = single ended=20 amp that  is a scalable = surefire=20 design, no need to reinvent the = wheel.
 
=
For antennas and antenna feed methods = a "look=20 no where else site"
http://www.strobbe.eu/on7yd/136ant/
 
73 es GL=20 Pete M0FMT IO91UX
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