Return-Path: Received: (qmail 29021 invoked from network); 29 Oct 2001 16:43:33 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO warrior.services.quay.plus.net) (212.159.14.227) by excalibur.plus.net with SMTP; 29 Oct 2001 16:43:33 -0000 X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal Received: (qmail 5940 invoked from network); 29 Oct 2001 16:41:04 -0000 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1106 Received: from unknown (HELO post.thorcom.com) (212.172.148.70) by warrior.services.quay.plus.net with SMTP; 29 Oct 2001 16:41:04 -0000 Received: from majordom by post.thorcom.com with local (Exim 3.33 #2) id 15yFJD-0007lj-00 for rsgb_lf_group-outgoing@blacksheep.org; Mon, 29 Oct 2001 16:30:43 +0000 Received: from hestia.herts.ac.uk ([147.197.200.9]) by post.thorcom.com with esmtp (Exim 3.33 #2) id 15yFJ8-0007le-00 for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Mon, 29 Oct 2001 16:30:39 +0000 Received: from gemini ([147.197.200.44] helo=gemini.herts.ac.uk) by hestia.herts.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 3.22 #1) id 15yFIS-0001zO-00 for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Mon, 29 Oct 2001 16:29:56 +0000 Received: from [147.197.232.252] (helo=mj9ar) by gemini.herts.ac.uk with smtp (Exim 3.22 #2) id 15yFIS-0007Hq-00 for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Mon, 29 Oct 2001 16:29:56 +0000 From: "James Moritz" Organization: University of Hertfordshire To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Date: Mon, 29 Oct 2001 16:33:19 +0000 X-Total-Enclosures: 1 X-Enclosure-Info: DOS,"rloss.jpg",,,,JPEG-image Subject: LF: Antenna Loss Measurements X-Mailer: Pegasus Mail for Win32 (v3.11) Message-ID: Precedence: bulk Reply-To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org X-Listname: rsgb_lf_group Sender: Content-type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------080701010906070002050409" MIME-Version: 1.0 This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------080701010906070002050409 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit Dear LF group, To try and gain a bit more insight on the functioning of small LF antennas, I measured the loss resistance of my inverted L (8m high, 40m long) over a range of about 9kHz to 553kHz. I used the SPM-3 selective voltmeter and PS-3 tracking generator in conjunction with the SFZ-1 impedance bridge attachment and a decade resistor box to measure the resistance of the antenna resonated at different frequencies using various series loading coils. I found for various reasons that measuring the impedance of the tuned antenna worked much better than trying to balance the resistance and capacitance of the un-tuned antenna with the bridge; however, the resistance of the loading coil was a significant fraction of the total resistance, and to determine the loss resistance of the coils I repeated the measurements with the antenna disconnected and replaced with a calibrated air-variable capacitor adjusted for resonance at the same frequency. This also gave a measurement of the antenna capacitance. The results are listed below in the order f, kHz;R(loss), ohms; C(ant), pF: 9.16, 295, 336.4; 10.4, 270, 336.4; 12.4, 235, 336.6; 14.4, 219, 337; 17.3, 183, 336.5; 19.9, 170, 336.6; 24.0, 145, 336.4; 27.4, 129, 336.3; 31.9, 113, 336; 36.8, 103, 336.4; 41.8, 93, 336.4; 52.0, 81.5, 336.6; 60.9, 69.5, 336.6; 68.9, 71, 336.8; 83.3, 61, 337.6; 97.1, 53.5, 338.4; 125.7, 38.5, 341.3; 142, 35, 341.3; 175, 31.5, 341.8; 217.7, 27, 344.3; 296.1, 21, 348.2; 493.4, 15.5, 370.1; 553.9, 15, 382.4; I can e-mail the results as a spreadsheet if anyone would like them A graph of loss resistance vs. frequency (see attachment for one on log axes) shows Rloss is very roughly inversely proportional to frequency. The curve-fitting function of the spreadsheet software produced the line linking the points - this gives the formula: Rloss(ohms) = 1550 x 1/(f, kHz)^0.75 I think the slight kinks in the graph are due to using different loading coils with different distributed capacitance to ground. I found the capacitance of my TX loading coils to ground was about 30pF, so a significant fraction of the antenna capacitance is that of the loading coil, and changing the voltage distribution on the loading coil will presumably alter the antenna loss resistance a bit. The antenna handbooks say that the antenna losses of typical (commercial) LF antennas increase with frequency, while this one does just the opposite. Other people have found the same thing comparing 136k and 73k operation. I think this offers support for the theory that the losses in amateur LF antennas are normally dominated by dielectric losses. If the antenna was fed with a constant current I, the voltage on the ant is close to V = I x Xc, where Xc is the capacitive reactance, since the resistance is much smaller than the reactance. Therefore V will be proportional to Xc, which in turn is proportional to 1/f. The dielectric losses increase roughly proportionaly to the frequency, but are also proportional to V^2, and V decreases with frequency. So overall, if all the resistance was due to dielectric loss, the loss resistance would be proportional to 1/f. however, there are some additional losses due to ground resistance, skin effect and so on, which increase with frequency, leading to the overall 1/(f^3/4) dependence. The increasing capacitance at high frequencies is due to the distributed inductance of the antenna wire; the inductive reactance partially cancels the capacitive reactance, leading to a higher effective capacitance (lower reactance) at higher frequency, as the antenna gets nearer to it's resonant frequency. It would be nice to try measuring some different antennas, to see if the same effects occur generally - unfortunately, I only have the one antenna at the moment! I would not be suprised if the loss resistance was a funtion of a slightly different power of f with different antenna geometries and environments. Cheers, Jim Moritz 73 de M0BMU -------------- Enclosure number 1 ---------------- * This message contains the file 'rloss.jpg', which has been * uuencoded. 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