Return-Path: Received: (qmail 14992 invoked from network); 25 Aug 2004 17:54:17 -0000 Received: from unknown (HELO ptb-spamcore01.plus.net) (192.168.71.1) by ptb-mailstore02.plus.net with SMTP; 25 Aug 2004 17:54:17 -0000 Received: from mailnull by ptb-spamcore01.plus.net with spamcore-l-b (Exim 4.32; FreeBSD) id 1C023m-00012G-HU for dave@picks.force9.co.uk; Wed, 25 Aug 2004 18:59:47 +0100 Received: from [192.168.67.1] (helo=ptb-mxcore01.plus.net) by ptb-spamcore01.plus.net with esmtp (Exim 4.32; FreeBSD) id 1C023m-00012D-Ec for dave@picks.force9.co.uk; Wed, 25 Aug 2004 18:59:46 +0100 Received: from post.thorcom.com ([193.82.116.20]) by ptb-mxcore01.plus.net with esmtp (Exim 4.30; FreeBSD) id 1C01yR-000IQN-7F for dave@picks.force9.co.uk; Wed, 25 Aug 2004 17:54:15 +0000 Received: from majordom by post.thorcom.com with local (Exim 4.14) id 1C01xy-0004Zx-AS for rs_out_1@blacksheep.org; Wed, 25 Aug 2004 18:53:46 +0100 Received: from [193.82.116.30] (helo=relay.thorcom.net) by post.thorcom.com with esmtp (Exim 4.14) id 1C01xx-0004Zo-T1 for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Wed, 25 Aug 2004 18:53:45 +0100 Received: from hestia.herts.ac.uk ([147.197.200.9]) by relay.thorcom.net with esmtp (Exim 4.41) id 1C01xu-0008Vf-EC for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Wed, 25 Aug 2004 18:53:45 +0100 Received: from altair ([147.197.200.45] helo=altair.herts.ac.uk) by hestia.herts.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 3.22 #1) id 1C01h0-0002yW-00 for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Wed, 25 Aug 2004 18:36:14 +0100 Received: from [147.197.164.230] (helo=JamesMorrits) by altair.herts.ac.uk with esmtp (Exim 3.36 #1) id 1C01gw-0004oC-00 for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Wed, 25 Aug 2004 18:36:10 +0100 From: "James Moritz" To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Date: Wed, 25 Aug 2004 18:36:09 +0100 Message-ID: MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Priority: 3 (Normal) X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook, Build 10.0.4510 Importance: Normal In-Reply-To: X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2800.1441 X-UH-MailScanner: No Virus detected X-SPF-Result: relay.thorcom.net: 147.197.200.9 is neither permitted nor denied by domain of herts.ac.uk X-Spam-Score: 0.0 (/) X-Spam-Report: autolearn=no, Subject: LF: RE: Key Clicks Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="------------040106050408050102060608" X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.63 (2004-01-11) on post.thorcom.com X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0.0 required=5.0 tests=none autolearn=no version=2.63 X-SA-Exim-Scanned: Yes Sender: owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Precedence: bulk Reply-To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org X-Listname: rsgb_lf_group X-SA-Exim-Rcpt-To: rs_out_1@blacksheep.org X-SA-Exim-Scanned: No; SAEximRunCond expanded to false X-Spam-Filtered: by PlusNet SpamCORE (v3.00) This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --------------040106050408050102060608 Content-Type: text/plain; charset=windows-1252; format=flowed Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit -----Original Message----- From: owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org [mailto:owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org] On Behalf Of Hugh M0WYE Sent: 25 August 2004 10:33 To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Subject: LF: Key Clicks >My question is ... >Is there a circuit that will produce a nice "gaussian wavform" that I could >feed into an AM modulator to produce really clean CW - or is there no such >thing ? >73 >Hugh M0WYE Dear Hugh, LF Group, As far as filtering waveforms with analogue circuits goes, the pedantic answer is probably "no", but in practice it is possible to produce good approximations to Gaussian responses by using Bessel or linear phase or other similar types of low pass filters. To get something that really looks like a Gaussian response, you need a fairly high-order filter, but for practical purposes, a second-order filter is quite good enough, for example the one in the attachment clickfilter_circuit.gif. The simulated response of this circuit to a 100ms "dot" is shown in the other attachment click_response.gif (the pale green trace), with a simple RC filter response for comparison (the upper, blue trace). Comparing the two, the Bessel filter has a more rounded start to the transition compared to the sharp "corner" in the RC response, and reaches the final level more quickly, while the RC filter has a longer "tail" before it settles. A higher order Bessel filter (the purple trace is 5th order) produces a more symmetrically shaped response, with the start and finish of the transitions being nearly mirror images of each other - but in practice for CW keying this would make little detectable difference compared to the simpler circuit, while requiring a more complicated circuit with more critical component values. The 2nd order active filter circuit shown is quite practical - it is designed to give transitions lasting about 20ms. The time can be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing the resistor values in proportion. If you are using a single supply as shown, a single-supply op-amp is needed, such as an LM324 or one of the CMOS types - something like a 741 requires an additional -ve supply rail. There are many other filter configurations that can be used, which can be found in handbooks. There is no reason why you should not design an LC filter (the 5th order response was one), except that the component values are not very practical, unless you have some hefty iron cored chokes handy. I have used a filter similar to the one in the attachment for my LF TX - it produces a keying envelope that looks very like the one shown in the simulation. Cheers, Jim Moritz 73 de M0BMU --------------040106050408050102060608 Content-Type: image/gif; name="clickfilter_circuit.gif" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Disposition: inline; filename="clickfilter_circuit.gif" R0lGODdh3QH8APcAAAAAAAAAVQAAqgAA/wAkAAAkVQAkqgAk/wBJAABJVQBJqgBJ/wBtAABt VQBtqgBt/wCSAACSVQCSqgCS/wC2AAC2VQC2qgC2/wDbAADbVQDbqgDb/wD/AAD/VQD/qgD/ /yQAACQAVSQAqiQA/yQkACQkVSQkqiQk/yRJACRJVSRJqiRJ/yRtACRtVSRtqiRt/ySSACSS VSSSqiSS/yS2ACS2VSS2qiS2/yTbACTbVSTbqiTb/yT/ACT/VST/qiT//0kAAEkAVUkAqkkA /0kkAEkkVUkkqkkk/0lJAElJVUlJqklJ/0ltAEltVUltqklt/0mSAEmSVUmSqkmS/0m2AEm2 VUm2qkm2/0nbAEnbVUnbqknb/0n/AEn/VUn/qkn//20AAG0AVW0Aqm0A/20kAG0kVW0kqm0k /21JAG1JVW1Jqm1J/21tAG1tVW1tqm1t/22SAG2SVW2Sqm2S/222AG22VW22qm22/23bAG3b VW3bqm3b/23/AG3/VW3/qm3//5IAAJIAVZIAqpIA/5IkAJIkVZIkqpIk/5JJAJJJVZJJqpJJ /5JtAJJtVZJtqpJt/5KSAJKSVZKSqpKS/5K2AJK2VZK2qpK2/5LbAJLbVZLbqpLb/5L/AJL/ VZL/qpL//7YAALYAVbYAqrYA/7YkALYkVbYkqrYk/7ZJALZJVbZJqrZJ/7ZtALZtVbZtqrZt 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