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To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
From: Brian Rogerson <brian@esoterica.pt>
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Rik and LF

Your email below prompted me to carry out another afternoon of measurements 
from higher ground for the station FS/ERP survey.  The results seem 
spectacular though I am unsure of what they mean.  I hope to place the data 
on my web site later.

73, Brian CT1DRP



At 09:36 20/11/2008, you wrote:
>Hello group,
>
>it seems to be generally accepted that a small vertical antenna has a gain 
>of 3 (4.77dBi / 2.62dBd), due to the radiation pattern in the vertical plane.
>But in very few cases this gain seems to be measured when doing ERP 
>measurements.
>As far as I understand this gain of 3 is based on a perfect ground 
>(endless conductivity) that acts as a (perfect) mirror and thus creates 
>the "mirror image" needed for radiation.
>But what about a short vertical antenna above a not-so-perfect ground?
>I have done some simulations with MMANA-GAL (15m high vertical at 500kHz) 
>and over a perfect ground I get the expected 4.77dBi and a take-off angle 
>of 0 degrees.
>If the conductivity is not endless the gain drops and the take-off angle 
>rises:
>1000mS/m (salt water) = 4.5dBi / 9 degrees
>500mS/m (clay) = 4.4dBi / 10 degrees
>50mS/m (marsh) = 3.9dBi / 14 degrees
>15mS/m (loam) = 3.5dBi / 17 degrees
>5mS/m (wet sand) = 2.9dBi / 21 degrees
>0.05mS/m (dry sand) = -1.5dBi / 32 degrees
>
>Could this explain (a part of) the missing dB's ?
>
>73, Rik  ON7YD - OR7T
>
>
>Disclaimer: http://www.kuleuven.be/cwis/email_disclaimer.htm
>

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<html>
<body>
<font size=3>Rik and LF<br><br>
Your email below prompted me to carry out another afternoon of
measurements from higher ground for the station FS/ERP survey.&nbsp; The
results seem spectacular though I am unsure of what they mean.&nbsp; I
hope to place the data on my web site later.<br><br>
73, Brian CT1DRP<br><br>
<br><br>
At 09:36 20/11/2008, you wrote:<br>
<blockquote type=cite class=cite cite>Hello group,<br><br>
it seems to be generally accepted that a small vertical antenna has a
gain of 3 (4.77dBi / 2.62dBd), due to the radiation pattern in the
vertical plane.<br>
But in very few cases this gain seems to be measured when doing ERP
measurements.<br>
As far as I understand this gain of 3 is based on a perfect ground
(endless conductivity) that acts as a (perfect) mirror and thus creates
the &quot;mirror image&quot; needed for radiation.<br>
But what about a short vertical antenna above a not-so-perfect
ground?<br>
I have done some simulations with MMANA-GAL (15m high vertical at 500kHz)
and over a perfect ground I get the expected 4.77dBi and a take-off angle
of 0 degrees.<br>
If the conductivity is not endless the gain drops and the take-off angle
rises:<br>
1000mS/m (salt water) = 4.5dBi / 9 degrees<br>
500mS/m (clay) = 4.4dBi / 10 degrees<br>
50mS/m (marsh) = 3.9dBi / 14 degrees<br>
15mS/m (loam) = 3.5dBi / 17 degrees<br>
5mS/m (wet sand) = 2.9dBi / 21 degrees<br>
0.05mS/m (dry sand) = -1.5dBi / 32 degrees<br><br>
Could this explain (a part of) the missing dB's ?<br><br>
73, Rik&nbsp; ON7YD - OR7T<br><br>
<br>
Disclaimer:
<a href="http://www.kuleuven.be/cwis/email_disclaimer.htm" eudora="autourl">http://www.kuleuven.be/cwis/email_disclaimer.htm</a><br><br>
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<link id="shLink" href="./fsvoneoverdist_files/chart001.htm">
<link id="shLink" href="./fsvoneoverdist_files/chart002.htm">
<link id="shLink" href="./fsvoneoverdist_files/chart003.htm">
<link id="shLink" href="./fsvoneoverdist_files/sheet001.htm">
<link id="shLink" href="./fsvoneoverdist_files/sheet002.htm">
<link id="shLink" href="./fsvoneoverdist_files/sheet003.htm">

<link id="shLink">

<script language="JavaScript">
<!--
 var c_lTabs=6;

 var c_rgszSh=new Array(c_lTabs);
 c_rgszSh[0] = "Chart1";
 c_rgszSh[1] = "Chart2";
 c_rgszSh[2] = "Chart3";
 c_rgszSh[3] = "Sheet1";
 c_rgszSh[4] = "Sheet2";
 c_rgszSh[5] = "Sheet3";



 var c_rgszClr=new Array(8);
 c_rgszClr[0]="window";
 c_rgszClr[1]="buttonface";
 c_rgszClr[2]="windowframe";
 c_rgszClr[3]="windowtext";
 c_rgszClr[4]="threedlightshadow";
 c_rgszClr[5]="threedhighlight";
 c_rgszClr[6]="threeddarkshadow";
 c_rgszClr[7]="threedshadow";

 var g_iShCur;
 var g_rglTabX=new Array(c_lTabs);

function fnGetIEVer()
{
 var ua=window.navigator.userAgent
 var msie=ua.indexOf("MSIE")
 if (msie>0 && window.navigator.platform=="Win32")
  return parseInt(ua.substring(msie+5,ua.indexOf(".", msie)));
 else
  return 0;
}

function fnBuildFrameset()
{
 var szHTML="<frameset rows=\"*,18\" border=0 width=0 frameborder=no framespacing=0>"+
  "<frame src=\""+document.all.item("shLink")[0].href+"\" name=\"frSheet\" noresize>"+
  "<frameset cols=\"54,*\" border=0 width=0 frameborder=no framespacing=0>"+
  "<frame src=\"\" name=\"frScroll\" marginwidth=0 marginheight=0 scrolling=no>"+
  "<frame src=\"\" name=\"frTabs\" marginwidth=0 marginheight=0 scrolling=no>"+
  "</frameset></frameset><plaintext>";

 with (document) {
  open("text/html","replace");
  write(szHTML);
  close();
 }

 fnBuildTabStrip();
}

function fnBuildTabStrip()
{
 var szHTML=
  "<html><head><style>.clScroll {font:8pt Courier New;color:"+c_rgszClr[6]+";cursor:default;line-height:10pt;}"+
  ".clScroll2 {font:10pt Arial;color:"+c_rgszClr[6]+";cursor:default;line-height:11pt;}</style></head>"+
  "<body onclick=\"event.returnValue=false;\" ondragstart=\"event.returnValue=false;\" onselectstart=\"event.returnValue=false;\" bgcolor="+c_rgszClr[4]+" topmargin=0 leftmargin=0><table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 width=100%>"+
  "<tr><td colspan=6 height=1 bgcolor="+c_rgszClr[2]+"></td></tr>"+
  "<tr><td style=\"font:1pt\">&nbsp;<td>"+
  "<td valign=top id=tdScroll class=\"clScroll\" onclick=\"parent.fnFastScrollTabs(0);\" onmouseover=\"parent.fnMouseOverScroll(0);\" onmouseout=\"parent.fnMouseOutScroll(0);\"><a>&#171;</a></td>"+
  "<td valign=top id=tdScroll class=\"clScroll2\" onclick=\"parent.fnScrollTabs(0);\" ondblclick=\"parent.fnScrollTabs(0);\" onmouseover=\"parent.fnMouseOverScroll(1);\" onmouseout=\"parent.fnMouseOutScroll(1);\"><a>&lt</a></td>"+
  "<td valign=top id=tdScroll class=\"clScroll2\" onclick=\"parent.fnScrollTabs(1);\" ondblclick=\"parent.fnScrollTabs(1);\" onmouseover=\"parent.fnMouseOverScroll(2);\" onmouseout=\"parent.fnMouseOutScroll(2);\"><a>&gt</a></td>"+
  "<td valign=top id=tdScroll class=\"clScroll\" onclick=\"parent.fnFastScrollTabs(1);\" onmouseover=\"parent.fnMouseOverScroll(3);\" onmouseout=\"parent.fnMouseOutScroll(3);\"><a>&#187;</a></td>"+
  "<td style=\"font:1pt\">&nbsp;<td></tr></table></body></html>";

 with (frames['frScroll'].document) {
  open("text/html","replace");
  write(szHTML);
  close();
 }

 szHTML =
  "<html><head>"+
  "<style>A:link,A:visited,A:active {text-decoration:none;"+"color:"+c_rgszClr[3]+";}"+
  ".clTab {cursor:hand;background:"+c_rgszClr[1]+";font:8pt Arial;padding-left:3px;padding-right:3px;text-align:center;}"+
  ".clBorder {background:"+c_rgszClr[2]+";font:1pt;}"+
  "</style></head><body onload=\"parent.fnInit();\" onselectstart=\"event.returnValue=false;\" ondragstart=\"event.returnValue=false;\" bgcolor="+c_rgszClr[4]+
  " topmargin=0 leftmargin=0><table id=tbTabs cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0>";

 var iCellCount=(c_lTabs+1)*2;

 var i;
 for (i=0;i<iCellCount;i+=2)
  szHTML+="<col width=1><col>";

 var iRow;
 for (iRow=0;iRow<6;iRow++) {

  szHTML+="<tr>";

  if (iRow==5)
   szHTML+="<td colspan="+iCellCount+"></td>";
  else {
   if (iRow==0) {
    for(i=0;i<iCellCount;i++)
     szHTML+="<td height=1 class=\"clBorder\"></td>";
   } else if (iRow==1) {
    for(i=0;i<c_lTabs;i++) {
     szHTML+="<td height=1 nowrap class=\"clBorder\">&nbsp;</td>";
     szHTML+=
      "<td id=tdTab height=1 nowrap class=\"clTab\" onmouseover=\"parent.fnMouseOverTab("+i+");\" onmouseout=\"parent.fnMouseOutTab("+i+");\">"+
      "<a href=\""+document.all.item("shLink")[i].href+"\" target=\"frSheet\" id=aTab>&nbsp;"+c_rgszSh[i]+"&nbsp;</a></td>";
    }
    szHTML+="<td id=tdTab height=1 nowrap class=\"clBorder\"><a id=aTab>&nbsp;</a></td><td width=100%></td>";
   } else if (iRow==2) {
    for (i=0;i<c_lTabs;i++)
     szHTML+="<td height=1></td><td height=1 class=\"clBorder\"></td>";
    szHTML+="<td height=1></td><td height=1></td>";
   } else if (iRow==3) {
    for (i=0;i<iCellCount;i++)
     szHTML+="<td height=1></td>";
   } else if (iRow==4) {
    for (i=0;i<c_lTabs;i++)
     szHTML+="<td height=1 width=1></td><td height=1></td>";
    szHTML+="<td height=1 width=1></td><td></td>";
   }
  }
  szHTML+="</tr>";
 }

 szHTML+="</table></body></html>";
 with (frames['frTabs'].document) {
  open("text/html","replace");
  charset=document.charset;
  write(szHTML);
  close();
 }
}

function fnInit()
{
 g_rglTabX[0]=0;
 var i;
 for (i=1;i<=c_lTabs;i++)
  with (frames['frTabs'].document.all.tbTabs.rows[1].cells[fnTabToCol(i-1)])
   g_rglTabX[i]=offsetLeft+offsetWidth-6;
}

function fnTabToCol(iTab)
{
 return 2*iTab+1;
}

function fnNextTab(fDir)
{
 var iNextTab=-1;
 var i;

 with (frames['frTabs'].document.body) {
  if (fDir==0) {
   if (scrollLeft>0) {
    for (i=0;i<c_lTabs&&g_rglTabX[i]<scrollLeft;i++);
    if (i<c_lTabs)
     iNextTab=i-1;
   }
  } else {
   if (g_rglTabX[c_lTabs]+6>offsetWidth+scrollLeft) {
    for (i=0;i<c_lTabs&&g_rglTabX[i]<=scrollLeft;i++);
    if (i<c_lTabs)
     iNextTab=i;
   }
  }
 }
 return iNextTab;
}

function fnScrollTabs(fDir)
{
 var iNextTab=fnNextTab(fDir);

 if (iNextTab>=0) {
  frames['frTabs'].scroll(g_rglTabX[iNextTab],0);
  return true;
 } else
  return false;
}

function fnFastScrollTabs(fDir)
{
 if (c_lTabs>16)
  frames['frTabs'].scroll(g_rglTabX[fDir?c_lTabs-1:1],0);
 else
  if (fnScrollTabs(fDir)>0) window.setTimeout("fnFastScrollTabs("+fDir+");",5);
}

function fnSetTabProps(iTab,fActive)
{
 var iCol=fnTabToCol(iTab);
 var i;

 if (iTab>=0) {
  with (frames['frTabs'].document.all) {
   with (tbTabs) {
    for (i=0;i<=4;i++) {
     with (rows[i]) {
      if (i==0)
       cells[iCol].style.background=c_rgszClr[fActive?0:2];
      else if (i>0 && i<4) {
       if (fActive) {
        cells[iCol-1].style.background=c_rgszClr[2];
        cells[iCol].style.background=c_rgszClr[0];
        cells[iCol+1].style.background=c_rgszClr[2];
       } else {
        if (i==1) {
         cells[iCol-1].style.background=c_rgszClr[2];
         cells[iCol].style.background=c_rgszClr[1];
         cells[iCol+1].style.background=c_rgszClr[2];
        } else {
         cells[iCol-1].style.background=c_rgszClr[4];
         cells[iCol].style.background=c_rgszClr[(i==2)?2:4];
         cells[iCol+1].style.background=c_rgszClr[4];
        }
       }
      } else
       cells[iCol].style.background=c_rgszClr[fActive?2:4];
     }
    }
   }
   with (aTab[iTab].style) {
    cursor=(fActive?"default":"hand");
    color=c_rgszClr[3];
   }
  }
 }
}

function fnMouseOverScroll(iCtl)
{
 frames['frScroll'].document.all.tdScroll[iCtl].style.color=c_rgszClr[7];
}

function fnMouseOutScroll(iCtl)
{
 frames['frScroll'].document.all.tdScroll[iCtl].style.color=c_rgszClr[6];
}

function fnMouseOverTab(iTab)
{
 if (iTab!=g_iShCur) {
  var iCol=fnTabToCol(iTab);
  with (frames['frTabs'].document.all) {
   tdTab[iTab].style.background=c_rgszClr[5];
  }
 }
}

function fnMouseOutTab(iTab)
{
 if (iTab>=0) {
  var elFrom=frames['frTabs'].event.srcElement;
  var elTo=frames['frTabs'].event.toElement;

  if ((!elTo) ||
   (elFrom.tagName==elTo.tagName) ||
   (elTo.tagName=="A" && elTo.parentElement!=elFrom) ||
   (elFrom.tagName=="A" && elFrom.parentElement!=elTo)) {

   if (iTab!=g_iShCur) {
    with (frames['frTabs'].document.all) {
     tdTab[iTab].style.background=c_rgszClr[1];
    }
   }
  }
 }
}

function fnSetActiveSheet(iSh)
{
 if (iSh!=g_iShCur) {
  fnSetTabProps(g_iShCur,false);
  fnSetTabProps(iSh,true);
  g_iShCur=iSh;
 }
}

 window.g_iIEVer=fnGetIEVer();
 if (window.g_iIEVer>=4)
  fnBuildFrameset();
//-->
</script>
<![endif]><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
 <x:ExcelWorkbook>
  <x:ExcelWorksheets>
   <x:ExcelWorksheet>
    <x:Name>Chart1</x:Name>
    <x:WorksheetSource HRef="./fsvoneoverdist_files/chart001.htm"/>
    <x:WorksheetType>Chart</x:WorksheetType>
   </x:ExcelWorksheet>
   <x:ExcelWorksheet>
    <x:Name>Chart2</x:Name>
    <x:WorksheetSource HRef="./fsvoneoverdist_files/chart002.htm"/>
    <x:WorksheetType>Chart</x:WorksheetType>
   </x:ExcelWorksheet>
   <x:ExcelWorksheet>
    <x:Name>Chart3</x:Name>
    <x:WorksheetSource HRef="./fsvoneoverdist_files/chart003.htm"/>
    <x:WorksheetType>Chart</x:WorksheetType>
   </x:ExcelWorksheet>
   <x:ExcelWorksheet>
    <x:Name>Sheet1</x:Name>
    <x:WorksheetSource HRef="./fsvoneoverdist_files/sheet001.htm"/>
   </x:ExcelWorksheet>
   <x:ExcelWorksheet>
    <x:Name>Sheet2</x:Name>
    <x:WorksheetSource HRef="./fsvoneoverdist_files/sheet002.htm"/>
   </x:ExcelWorksheet>
   <x:ExcelWorksheet>
    <x:Name>Sheet3</x:Name>
    <x:WorksheetSource HRef="./fsvoneoverdist_files/sheet003.htm"/>
   </x:ExcelWorksheet>
  </x:ExcelWorksheets>
  <x:Stylesheet HRef="./fsvoneoverdist_files/stylesheet.css"/>
  <x:WindowHeight>9345</x:WindowHeight>
  <x:WindowWidth>15180</x:WindowWidth>
  <x:WindowTopX>120</x:WindowTopX>
  <x:WindowTopY>60</x:WindowTopY>
  <x:ProtectStructure>False</x:ProtectStructure>
  <x:ProtectWindows>False</x:ProtectWindows>
 </x:ExcelWorkbook>
</xml><![endif]-->
</head>

<frameset rows="*,39" border=0 width=0 frameborder=no framespacing=0>
 <frame src="./fsvoneoverdist_files/chart001.htm" name="frSheet">
 <frame src="./fsvoneoverdist_files/tabstrip.htm" name="frTabs" marginwidth=0 marginheight=0>
 <noframes>
  <body>
   <p>This page uses frames, but your browser doesn't support them.</p>
  </body>
 </noframes>
</frameset>
</html>

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