Return-Path: Received: from mtain-me01.r1000.mx.aol.com (mtain-me01.r1000.mx.aol.com [172.29.96.137]) by air-de04.mail.aol.com (v128.1) with ESMTP id MAILINDE042-5eaf4bbc748676; Wed, 07 Apr 2010 08:03:19 -0400 Received: from post.thorcom.com (post.thorcom.com [193.82.116.20]) by mtain-me01.r1000.mx.aol.com (Internet Inbound) with ESMTP id 190F3380000B0; Wed, 7 Apr 2010 08:03:16 -0400 (EDT) Received: from majordom by post.thorcom.com with local (Exim 4.14) id 1NzTxU-0004Av-Bc for rs_out_1@blacksheep.org; Wed, 07 Apr 2010 13:02:12 +0100 Received: from [193.82.116.32] (helo=relay1.thorcom.net) by post.thorcom.com with esmtp (Exim 4.14) id 1NzTxT-0004Am-Qy for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Wed, 07 Apr 2010 13:02:11 +0100 Received: from smtp822.mail.ukl.yahoo.com ([217.12.12.18]) by relay1.thorcom.net with smtp (Exim 4.63) (envelope-from ) id 1NzTxQ-0002Zc-KA for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Wed, 07 Apr 2010 13:02:11 +0100 Received: (qmail 85823 invoked from network); 7 Apr 2010 12:02:03 -0000 DomainKey-Signature: a=rsa-sha1; q=dns; c=nofws; s=s1024; d=btopenworld.com; h=DKIM-Signature:Received:X-Yahoo-SMTP:X-YMail-OSG:X-Yahoo-Newman-Property:Message-ID:From:To:References:In-Reply-To:Subject:Date:MIME-Version:Content-Type:X-Priority:X-MSMail-Priority:X-Mailer:X-MimeOLE; b=MhDjt/Os6Vx+MywbcC3bLh8erYCRq3kAqr5cFDkIMeiBJ7JEn9CpkPOkh3SOXmo212mawMjET2KkYeaZRb4ZMDzkxrA3adPy5K08GfNQ3le0u/s0NnqLEDDxEZg4tjKtY6eSYQvqF1J9eNidkxs/oACmr/LGEUPgIKvzg9omnRQ= ; DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=btopenworld.com; s=s1024; t=1270641723; bh=QmhPnYkRON/akGrTQuber3TBtBTCp5TO0yZ2+kaLZ5I=; h=Received:X-Yahoo-SMTP:X-YMail-OSG:X-Yahoo-Newman-Property:Message-ID:From:To:References:In-Reply-To:Subject:Date:MIME-Version:Content-Type:X-Priority:X-MSMail-Priority:X-Mailer:X-MimeOLE; b=5RlftL7InwQJJYgwGubnm///gvC79lukQ8FKDTH7M5xTHWctEtTR2M+F8hGy373LWojsNwf637DWJi/8zWc2pmtnMyyf0hWY/t1WE9YfCET5IvMkWs+ZQDirpw8wm07pcfFBSrIE0DPO+JHOQNx9RWrVyxff6+JjaaLY89lo40M= Received: from JimPC (james.moritz@86.180.204.156 with login) by smtp822.mail.ukl.yahoo.com with SMTP; 07 Apr 2010 12:02:02 +0000 GMT X-Yahoo-SMTP: Cxhli3eswBD1ozmtAojhjrja86kWx0Qm9tycD5QR1DKWrOLgjJcXkw-- X-YMail-OSG: _q9gb50VM1nybaqbA2P.zO5KbYIEp8TTObq4lzgIq8ngNXCV2nd7QqwBEcbMYovR6p_QooudRwG15v.z6F6tt9fM6.2GJGFib1zsmJr.7fotNGikHvJ8XCy8o7llqsYv_EOSF93IK2C8HEk97I.b0Sepyyyaimr12GoSTI75oudU0dJMnE_cWr9BjdGFXRu21vErN1GcqhE.P_FCdWP6gn2gixJrHwxW9jElG3rweFbHj0Rf41mnJRG1HLyKeAem X-Yahoo-Newman-Property: ymail-3 Message-ID: <3C4FBB8411D9476686BB6F23CE272AC9@JimPC> From: "James Moritz" To: References: <001c01cad439$aa7aa830$0101a8c0@amd4800> <38A51B74B884D74083D7950AD0DD85E82A1BD5@File-Server-HST.hst.e-technik.tu-darmstadt.de> <003801cad57e$a13410e0$0101a8c0@amd4800> <8585FA1C733D9A42AEA98C724D8FB811C05393@FBCMST18V01.fbc.local> <002301cad597$6b32cdb0$0101a8c0@amd4800> <8585FA1C733D9A42AEA98C724D8FB811C05394@FBCMST18V01.fbc.local> <001901cad61c$5ffbdb50$0101a8c0@amd4800> <4BBC3FC1.5070806@iup.uni-heidelberg.de> <000901cad63c$cdc63020$0101a8c0@amd4800> In-Reply-To: <000901cad63c$cdc63020$0101a8c0@amd4800> Date: Wed, 7 Apr 2010 13:02:02 +0100 MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Windows Mail 6.0.6002.18005 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.0.6002.18005 DomainKey-Status: good (testing) X-Spam-Score: 0.0 (/) X-Spam-Report: autolearn=disabled,UNPARSEABLE_RELAY=0.001 Subject: Re: LF: About 9khz loop Content-Type: multipart/mixed; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_0069_01CAD652.84040A00" X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.63 (2004-01-11) on post.thorcom.com X-Spam-Level: X-Spam-Status: No, hits=0.1 required=5.0 tests=MISSING_OUTLOOK_NAME autolearn=no version=2.63 X-SA-Exim-Scanned: Yes Sender: owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Precedence: bulk Reply-To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org X-Listname: rsgb_lf_group X-SA-Exim-Rcpt-To: rs_out_1@blacksheep.org X-SA-Exim-Scanned: No; SAEximRunCond expanded to false x-aol-global-disposition: G X-AOL-VSS-INFO: 5400.1158/57163 X-AOL-VSS-CODE: clean X-AOL-SCOLL-AUTHENTICATION: mail_rly_antispam_dkim-m207.1 ; domain : btopenworld.com DKIM : pass x-aol-sid: 3039ac1d60894bbc74847645 X-AOL-IP: 193.82.116.20 ------=_NextPart_000_0069_01CAD652.84040A00 Content-Type: text/plain; format=flowed; charset="iso-8859-1"; reply-type=original Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit Dear George, LF Group, I have attached the 9kHz loop/preamp/filter schematic again, as it would seem some explanation would be useful - OK, here goes...;-) There are basically 3 frequency response determining elements in the design. The first is the loop inductance, the shunt input capacitance C8, and the input resistance of the preamp (about 300R, determined mostly by resistors R1, R2 and R4, which also set the gain of the input stage). These together form a singly-terminated, second-order low pass filter with a roughly Butterworth response and cut-off frequency something over 20kHz. The preamp stage gives about 30dB gain, and a reasonably low noise level - evidently below the external band noise. This was arrived at after some back-of-envelope calculations and tests of likely noise levels, induced EMF in the loop, and so on. The second element is the op-amp gain stage IC1A. This is configured as a "lossy integrator", with a gain that rolls off at 20dB/decade in the operating frequency range. This compensates for the loop output, which rises at 20dB/decade below its cut off frequency, due to the loop EMF being proportional to d(phi)/dt. It isn't essential to do this, but I felt this would be useful in comparing noise levels, etc., and reduce the likelihood of overloading by VLF utilities. At 9kHz, the gain of this stage is about 30dB also; the overall 60dB gain gave a good signal level for the audio line input socket on my lap-top, determined by trial and error. The final element is the bandpass filter. This was a straightforward ladder filter designed with a n=3 Butterworth response, with the component values fiddled a bit to suit off-the-shelf inductors. I aimed for an impedance level that could easily be driven by normal op-amps. The filter is terminated by 1200ohm resistors R10, R11, which are necessary to give the correct response (actually, the initial design values were about 900ohm or something, but I increased the value to "absorb" the loss resistance of the rather low-Q 4.7mH inductors). The IC1A stage has a high input impedance that does not load the filter significantly, but the input preamp stage has a fairly high output impedance, and its gain would also be affected by connecting the filter as a load. So the IC1B buffer stage was included, which also provides 9dB gain to make up for the 6dB loss between the terminations, plus approximately 3dB insertion loss of the filter. So all the parts of this circuit were designed to work together - if you wish to build a circuit with a different antenna, or use the filter in a different system, you need to take similar considerations into account - there are a near-infinite number of feasible solutions that will perform as well or better, but all will have differences. Cheers, Jim Moritz 73 de M0BMU ------=_NextPart_000_0069_01CAD652.84040A00 Content-Type: image/png; name="9khz_loop_preamp_v2.png" Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Disposition: attachment; filename="9khz_loop_preamp_v2.png" iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAABL4AAAMqAQMAAAC2fBqUAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAA CXBIWXMAABcRAAAXEQHKJvM/AAAgAElEQVR42u3dTYwb150g8PeKJdajzOkqUkJCDdrNYqtn rADGDhMf0tZw3NVUj0JlsrYyezUWlGxM5rRuxwaWWQhisZuxWjuC1RosdnwQEnsSYK66DOBD DtVubawAgzgzc5jLImBLRjTGHlIdzYHe5ZD76oNkVbG+WVV8sqsMqdXNZvfP7/3r/9771xcA ZG4ZkMJSWArztTG7QKqO35URATd9qcoMFggrH5phVSNsuEBY6TUDLCuZYFlmgbDqCy6wzEJh S9ILgwxggfwGyB787NrK7x39jJUy8q+Ze9nMN1nYf6P2hnMgAIT/brXoIXgJ1IROpLBlFbZx OGiL+SvDa+3bx8ONHtsfsXI2s7Hx8aB9vS06vZtXX+l26Q44EOsRw9ZH8nIGVA/zb2LYx9Ur 7774cbWZLz26tZ1l1qs/z7/58zcdYYIwhkEgRAsrvbU9ktczoPkX2aaUv7Jblf7hzC5ogtLB e3ivrDab+SvvNCVHGHNzGwCx+3aHerZZr3c2IkwXT3pSdVuHlY93qyMMy/RAX4ENqu3eNVcY urQHwIfdWzvUa3x9q0NFB2NfkKVqzwIr9xgFlgXV9qOBG+yCdAktC/e73SG9yV9sjOgIh6QX 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