Return-Path: Received: from post.thorcom.com (post.thorcom.com [195.171.43.25]) by klubnl.pl (8.14.4/8.14.4/Debian-8+deb8u2) with ESMTP id wBCFL9Pd022153 for ; Wed, 12 Dec 2018 16:21:15 +0100 Received: from majordom by post.thorcom.com with local (Exim 4.14) id 1gX6DY-0003FS-K3 for rs_out_1@blacksheep.org; Wed, 12 Dec 2018 15:14:32 +0000 Received: from [195.171.43.32] (helo=relay1.thorcom.net) by post.thorcom.com with esmtp (Exim 4.14) id 1gX6DX-0003FJ-NE for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Wed, 12 Dec 2018 15:14:31 +0000 Received: from resqmta-ch2-10v.sys.comcast.net ([2001:558:fe21:29:69:252:207:42]) by relay1.thorcom.net with esmtps (TLSv1.2:ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384:256) (Exim 4.91_59-0488984) (envelope-from ) id 1gX6DT-0003wK-Uh for rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org; Wed, 12 Dec 2018 15:14:30 +0000 Received: from resomta-ch2-11v.sys.comcast.net ([69.252.207.107]) by resqmta-ch2-10v.sys.comcast.net with ESMTP id X3eSgA6iFG5yWX6DRgMyvp; Wed, 12 Dec 2018 15:14:25 +0000 X-DKIM-Result: Domain=comcast.net Result=Signature OK DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=comcast.net; s=q20161114; t=1544627665; bh=nazq0rirTH6Q09VxTe8h9hlZsm3VkKpakst71dx6zfI=; h=Received:Received:Message-ID:From:To:Subject:Date:MIME-Version: Content-Type; b=bkUHLmz8T/0PrY9KLCYrgbIx70EdaOTMbs1oqKZJUkUMBSEvL1kYzT24IHA++L76q uggg6mIcM1Kgf+lKB1DSU+lWktwMbYJLqUYrpNMXdiXX51GfJOzarsP4hGXSpo+TbL EJgAcfW0uXXuw2wmwimJm5k5NUNR/Wo9AEK/Gt3iBzhoD0g2k4Iaz2dJq9aDOLNlys 100sSWRq7x72xbWSzPoKqoEnRlKydwlB2DtKbhVDqByVM4THui85QawDGP1fkFHqxm CuHHNInBZyVdYKM8M9ShofGK+KUbPpaiZWKkXJPNKJBUHspXIGg4b8ugkHmEN5m7Ww hOAVZtkFUlyWw== Received: from DELL4 ([73.4.253.141]) by resomta-ch2-11v.sys.comcast.net with ESMTPA id X6DOgesPxV20XX6DOg9a4V; Wed, 12 Dec 2018 15:14:25 +0000 Message-ID: <04A9414CC9E9451A99A67EAC9D64A177@DELL4> From: To: References: <941104406.2050754.1544486244944.ref@mail.yahoo.com> <941104406.2050754.1544486244944@mail.yahoo.com> <5C0F8037.3040401@posteo.de> <76c179b2-3d1d-b227-6c45-b2cde0f986a0@n1bug.com> <5C11093C.90403@posteo.de> <6DB8451D7F3D3947A5918808A59621EA26395035@servigilant.vigilant.local> Date: Wed, 12 Dec 2018 10:14:21 -0500 MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Priority: 3 X-MSMail-Priority: Normal X-Mailer: Microsoft Outlook Express 6.00.2900.5512 X-MimeOLE: Produced By Microsoft MimeOLE V6.00.2900.5512 X-CMAE-Envelope: MS4wfC/ZgUw3ZWye6DZ1NYdS2aoJC7vS4OmsqHqMzJmVzEpj2i/T3MH9F5VHn54VZ8ENTN9e695AJl5gq4T2Z/J7vTJ/DwuR1GyX93+EszKc70oKN63q7WR7 RYauDgMKxacATf+ixQ+Ol4hLZPxGWAK7WiAt+l05zH3FJKvea07RKX+0 X-Spam-Score: -0.7 (/) X-Spam-Report: Spam detection software, running on the system "relay1.thorcom.net", has NOT identified this incoming email as spam. The original message has been attached to this so you can view it or label similar future email. If you have any questions, see @@CONTACT_ADDRESS@@ for details. Content preview: Beware ... there are also counterfeit NEO6M out there ... ask me how I know! The counterfeits seem to function normal except one is not able to store setup changes. Jay W1VD ----- Original Message ----- From: VIGILANT Luis Fernández To: Wednesday, December 12, 2018 8:37 AM Subject: RE: LF: LF and VLF EbNaut Content analysis details: (-0.7 points, 5.0 required) pts rule name description ---- ---------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -0.7 RCVD_IN_DNSWL_LOW RBL: Sender listed at http://www.dnswl.org/, low trust [2001:558:fe21:29:69:252:207:42 listed in] [list.dnswl.org] -0.0 SPF_PASS SPF: sender matches SPF record 0.0 FREEMAIL_FROM Sender email is commonly abused enduser mail provider (jrusgrove[at]comcast.net) 0.0 HTML_MESSAGE BODY: HTML included in message 0.0 T_KAM_HTML_FONT_INVALID BODY: Test for Invalidly Named or Formatted Colors in HTML 0.0 T_DKIM_INVALID DKIM-Signature header exists but is not valid X-Scan-Signature: c8f89d347648298cef9c3b88c7a1cae2 Subject: Re: LF: LF and VLF EbNaut Content-Type: multipart/related; boundary="----=_NextPart_000_019C_01D49203.730C7360"; type="multipart/alternative" X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 2.63 (2004-01-11) on post.thorcom.com X-Spam-Level: ** X-Spam-Status: No, hits=2.3 required=5.0 tests=FORGED_MUA_OUTLOOK,HTML_40_50, HTML_MESSAGE,NO_REAL_NAME autolearn=no version=2.63 X-SA-Exim-Scanned: Yes Sender: owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Precedence: bulk Reply-To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org X-Listname: rsgb_lf_group X-SA-Exim-Rcpt-To: rs_out_1@blacksheep.org X-SA-Exim-Scanned: No; SAEximRunCond expanded to false This is a multi-part message in MIME format. ------=_NextPart_000_019C_01D49203.730C7360 Content-Type: multipart/alternative; boundary="----=_NextPart_001_019D_01D49203.730C7360" ------=_NextPart_001_019D_01D49203.730C7360 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Beware ... there are also counterfeit NEO6M out there ... ask me how I = know! The counterfeits seem to function normal except one is not able to = store setup changes.=20 Jay W1VD=20 ----- Original Message -----=20 From: VIGILANT Luis Fern=C3=A1ndez=20 To: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org=20 Sent: Wednesday, December 12, 2018 8:37 AM Subject: RE: LF: LF and VLF EbNaut A comment about NEO M8N modules =20 Beware that there are actually many counterfeits of this modules. I = bought one from an eBay seller and finally discovered it is not a fully compatible module. Have a look at what the RC people said = about this = https://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?2693310-M8N-GPS-list-of-fa= ke-good-and-original =20 What I found in my module is that ir performs OK. There is just one = clock output which is configured at 1Hz by default It can be configured to output any frequency up to 10MHz. Tested it to = send EbNaut in LF at 2x the frequency and works perfect. BUT there is no way to permanently store the configuration. = Every time it powers down starts at 1Hz output I have other uBlox modules and know how to configure them. Tried to = flash the module with new firmware and got an error which typically happens in fake modules =20 So. I recommend to use the good old (and cheap) NEO 6 and avoid the 8 Same as from Win7 to 10 ;-) =20 Paul. The jitter and phase noise of this modules based on NCO = oscillator makes them unusuable when used as reference for a high frequency PLL. There is where you can only use them to = discipline a good VCO and use the high performance of the VCO But for the KHz world it works perfect, as Stefan illustrated =20 73 de Luis EA5DOM =20 De: owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org = [mailto:owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org] En nombre de DK7FC Enviado el: mi=C3=A9rcoles, 12 de diciembre de 2018 14:12 Para: rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org Asunto: Re: LF: LF and VLF EbNaut =20 Hi Paul, Am 12.12.2018 13:31, schrieb N1BUG:=20 They seem to mention some concerns about jitter and phasenoise which I = didn't fully understand with regard to our purposes. Me too. It never = appeared to be relevant for me. It only seems to be a matter for the = perfectionists. Also that discussion about short term stability and long = term stability. I never cared about that and treated these NEO modules = as the perfect signal source.=20 If i can transmit on VLF with a signal based on such a module, i can = integrate 1 day into 1 pixel, i.e. 11.574 uHz FFT bin width. If the = results are fine, why should i spend a thought about stability anyway? = Even stacking of several days is no problem. Once again that image: ...transmitted from my INV-L antenna, received on the tree, both = systems using a NEO-6M as the reference and SpecLab to receive and = transmit. 4.1 uHz FFT bin width. The peak is EXACT on the frequency and = i find it quite sharp, considering that the tree is moving a bit in the = wind and there are temperature changes and day/night differences... So, why to spend more thoughts about accuracy?????? Can we have some more discussion around using the NEO-7M / = NEO-M8Ndevices in such applications please? Is there nothing to worry = about? Maybe IW4DXW can comment. Also some photos would be interesting. In a few weeks i can contribute to this as well. And i'll try to build = a transmitter in combination with a Raspi and vlfrx-tools. 73, Stefan I had some ideas in mind if the unit is suitable: LO for a 136 kHz > = audio down-converter (Rx)LO for a audio > 136 kHz up-converter = (Tx)Replacement for xtal LO in my LF SDR receiver (400 kHz)Replacement = for xtal LO in my MF SDR receiver (1.8 MHz)Maybe a few others... 73,Paul = On 12/11/18 4:15 AM, DK7FC wrote: ...indeed. And this GPS derived = oscillator can be a NEO-7M, which costs about 10 EUR, or 10 $ as i can = see at amazon.com. 73, Stefan Am 11.12.2018 00:57, schrieb Markus = Vester: Yes for LF I would also recommend the method with signal = generator, relay and ebnaut-tx software, it's really not difficult to = get started. Instead of the relay, a double balanced diode mixer also = works well, with the DC-coupled IF port driven directly from RS232. If = you happen to have a linear PA you could optionally insert a simple C-R = lowpass for shaped keying. The realtime clock of the sending PC should = be steered by NTP, or alternatively using NMEA from an external GPS. I = think that frequency accuracy needs to be much better than 5e-8. To keep = the phase drift within 30=C2=B0 over half an hour, the frequency should = ideally be known to better than 46 uHz, or about 3e-10 (0.3 ppb). Most = simple OCXOs cannot hold up to that. When the signal is strong, one can = sometimes still obtain a decode by aligning the slope of the symbol = phase graph. But this won't work for weak signals, and poking around = blindly for a frequency offset that may or may not produce a decode can = be a cumbersome and frustrating affair. The best choice is a GPS derived = oscillator, or a well calibrated Rubidium source. When will we see you? = Best 73,Markus (DF6NM) -----Urspr=C3=BCngliche Mitteilung-----Von: Rob = Renoud An: rsgb_lf_group = Verschickt: Mo, 10. Dez 2018 23:33Betreff: = Re: LF: LF and VLF EbNaut Paul, Chris and EbNaut LF, Stefan makes a good = argument for trying what you have for TX. The HP-3325A specs show a = frequency accuracy of +- 5 EE-8 and stability (option 001) of +- 5 EE-6. = The HP-3325A should work ok on 2200m with a message duration of 28 = minutes or less. The 180 phase reversal is easily implemented using a = DPDT relay with a 1:1 transformer connected between the 3325 generator = and the amp input. Drive the relay with the RS-232 RTS or CTS signal = from the computer running ebnaut-tx.exe found on = http://abelian.org/ebnaut/ such that the relay shifts the phasing of the = input to the transformer. Time and frequency are important on the = decoding end. Try to get them as accurate as possible on the TX end. = For 2200m a good starting message format is: Code: 8K19ASymbol Period: = 3CRC: 16Characters: 5Duration: 25:36.00Repeat on the hour and half-hour = Announce your beacon and give it a try. Lot=E2=80=99s of LF EbNaut = listeners to let you know if it=E2=80=99s working out... Comments and = other suggestions are welcome. 73,Rob - K3RWR On Dec 10, 2018, at = 15:58, > = > wrote: BPSK = transitions cause key clicks with non linear transmitters / amplifiers. = As a practical matter ... with the high Q transmitting antennas in use = ... and that it's unlikely you'll have next door neighbor interested in = LF reception ... it hasn't been a much of a problem. Jay W1VD ----- = Original Message ----- From: "DK7FC" >To: >Sent: Monday, December 10, 2018 = 11:08 AMSubject: Re: LF: LF and VLF EbNaut Hi Paul, Am = 09.12.2018 20:02, schrieb N1BUG: The first thing people wantto = know is what equipment is required for LF EbNaut and how much isthis = going to cost? But answers are hard to come by. I could neverget an = answer as to whether my HP 3325B with high stability optionwas good = enough. The problem is also on the other side. I don't know = what a HP3325B is, or, at least, i don't know the technical details = since i don't own one. So i can give no advice how to use it for EbNaut = transmittingAlso there are different methods and each radio amateur is = convinced about his own design.Some methods may be easier to realise but = less precise and less flexible. So based on the skills and needs and = parts available one will decide for a certain design.Thus it is not so = easy to write up 'the' way to go, there are many ways. For example, = there could be a 'how to EbNaut' including Linux components like ebkey, = which will be useless for someone who insists to avoid using Linux...So = if you're asking the group, then you will get different advice, from = different designs. And this will be confusing! So concentrate on the = basics and then choose your own design.I suggest to start in steps, = don't plan to build the perfect system until the season is over. = Basically all you need is an absolutely stable signal generator and a = tool for inverting the phase and managing the timing. This can be done = with Windows and Linux.I think you are one of those who avoid using = Linux. So then, you need SpecLab to generate the PSK.But step 1 is the = stable signal.One method is to use an up-converter and SpecLab to = generate EbNaut. SpecLab can generate a tone on e.g. 12500 Hz which is = then mixed with 125 kHz, so there is an output at 137.5 kHz. This is how = i do it here.I can tell you about other methods but this may lead to = confusion already.Maybe there is one step before step 1, call it step 0: = You need to decide, "YES i will now start to transmit EbNaut and i will = buy to necessary components, learn what is necessary to understand, = knowing it means effort!" What kind of signal generator do you use now? = When I asked about amplifiers for EbNaut I was toldlinear is a = must Do you remember who said that? but now I find = people are doing it with nonlinearamplifiers Yes, a linear = amplifier is not needed. It is BPSK, the output power is always at 100%, = which is good :-) 73, Stefan ------=_NextPart_001_019D_01D49203.730C7360 Content-Type: text/html; charset="utf-8" Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable =EF=BB=BF
Beware ... there are also counterfeit = NEO6M out=20 there ... ask me how I know! The counterfeits seem to function normal=20 except one is not able to store setup changes.
 
Jay W1VD 
----- Original Message -----
From:=20 VIGILANT = Luis=20 Fern=C3=A1ndez
Sent: Wednesday, December 12, = 2018 8:37=20 AM
Subject: RE: LF: LF and VLF = EbNaut

A=20 comment about NEO M8N modules

 

Beware=20 that there are actually many counterfeits of this modules. I bought = one from=20 an eBay seller and finally discovered it is not

a=20 fully compatible module. Have a look at what the RC people said about=20 this

https://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.= php?2693310-M8N-GPS-list-of-fake-good-and-original<= /P>

 

What=20 I found in my module is that ir performs OK. There is just one clock = output=20 which is configured at 1Hz by default

It=20 can be configured to output any frequency up to 10MHz. Tested it to = send=20 EbNaut in LF at 2x the frequency and works

perfect.=20 BUT there is no way to permanently store the configuration. Every time = it=20 powers down starts at 1Hz output

I=20 have other uBlox modules and know how to configure them. Tried to = flash the=20 module with new firmware and got

an=20 error which typically happens in fake modules

 

So.=20 I recommend to use the good old (and cheap) NEO 6 and avoid the=20 8

Same=20 as from Win7 to 10   ;-)

 

Paul.=20 The jitter and phase noise of this modules based on NCO oscillator = makes them=20 unusuable when used as reference

for=20 a high frequency PLL. There is where you can only use them to = discipline a=20 good VCO and use the high performance of the VCO

But=20 for the KHz world it works perfect, as Stefan=20 illustrated

 

73=20 de Luis

EA5DOM

 

De:=20 owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org = [mailto:owner-rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org]=20 En nombre de DK7FC
Enviado el: mi=C3=A9rcoles, 12 de = diciembre de=20 2018 14:12
Para: = rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org
Asunto: Re:=20 LF: LF and VLF EbNaut

 

Hi Paul,

Am 12.12.2018 = 13:31,=20 schrieb N1BUG: 

They seem to mention some concerns about jitter and =
phase
noise which I =
didn't fully understand with regard to our =
purposes.
  =

Me too. It never appeared to = be relevant=20 for me. It only seems to be a matter for the perfectionists. Also that = discussion about short term stability and long term stability. I never = cared=20 about that and treated these NEO modules as the perfect signal source. =
If=20 i can transmit on VLF with a signal based on such a module, i can = integrate 1=20 day into 1 pixel, i.e. 11.574 uHz FFT bin width. If the results are = fine, why=20 should i spend a thought about stability anyway? Even stacking of = several days=20 is no problem.

Once again that image:
3Dcid:image001.png@01D49227.653FD910=20

...transmitted from my INV-L antenna, received on = the tree,=20 both systems using a NEO-6M as the reference and SpecLab to receive = and=20 transmit. 4.1 uHz FFT bin width. The peak is EXACT on the frequency = and i find=20 it quite sharp, considering that the tree is moving a bit in the wind = and=20 there are temperature changes and day/night differences...
So, why = to spend=20 more thoughts about accuracy??????


Can we have some more discussion around using the NEO-7M / =
NEO-M8N
devices in such =
applications please? Is there nothing to worry =
about?
  =

Maybe IW4DXW can comment. Also = some photos=20 would be interesting.
In a few weeks i can contribute to this as = well. And=20 i'll try to build a transmitter in combination with a Raspi and=20 vlfrx-tools.

73, Stefan


 
I had =
some ideas in mind if the unit is =
suitable:
 
LO =
for a 136 kHz > audio down-converter =
(Rx)
LO for a audio > =
136 kHz up-converter (Tx)
Replacement for xtal LO in my LF SDR receiver (400 =
kHz)
Replacement for xtal =
LO in my MF SDR receiver (1.8 MHz)
Maybe a few others...
 
73,
Paul
 
 
 
 
On =
12/11/18 4:15 AM, DK7FC wrote:
  
...indeed. And this GPS derived oscillator can be a NEO-7M, =
which costs 
about 10 =
EUR, or 10 $ as i can see at =
amazon.com.
 
73, =
Stefan
 
Am =
11.12.2018 00:57, schrieb Markus =
Vester:
    
Yes for LF I would also recommend the =
method with signal generator, 
relay and ebnaut-tx software, it's really not difficult to =
get 
started. Instead of =
the relay, a double balanced diode mixer also =

works well, with the =
DC-coupled IF port driven directly from RS232. If =

you happen to have a =
linear PA you could optionally insert a =

simple C-R lowpass for =
shaped keying. The realtime clock of the =

sending PC should be =
steered by NTP, or alternatively using NMEA from =

an external =
GPS.
 
I =
think that frequency accuracy needs to be much better than 5e-8. To =

keep the phase drift =
within 30=C2=B0 over half an hour, the frequency =

should ideally be known =
to better than 46 uHz, or about 3e-10 (0.3 =

ppb). Most simple OCXOs =
cannot hold up to that. When the signal is =

strong, one can =
sometimes still obtain a decode by aligning the slope =

of the symbol phase =
graph. But this won't work for weak signals, and =

poking around blindly =
for a frequency offset that may or may not =

produce a decode can be =
a cumbersome and frustrating affair. The best =

choice is a GPS derived =
oscillator, or a well calibrated Rubidium =
source.
 
When =
will we see you?
 
Best =
73,
Markus =
(DF6NM)
 
-----Urspr=C3=BCngliche =
Mitteilung-----
Von: Rob =
Renoud <k3rwr@md.metrocast.net>
An: =
rsgb_lf_group <rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>
Verschickt: =
Mo, 10. Dez 2018 23:33
Betreff: Re: LF: LF and VLF =
EbNaut
 
Paul, =
Chris and EbNaut LF,
 
Stefan makes a good argument for trying what you have for =
TX.   The 
HP-3325A specs show a frequency accuracy of +- 5 EE-8 and =
stability 
(option 001) =
of +- 5 EE-6.  The HP-3325A should work ok on 2200m with =

a message duration of 28 =
minutes or less.
 
The =
180 phase reversal is easily implemented using a DPDT relay with a =

1:1 transformer =
connected between the 3325 generator and the amp =

input.  Drive the =
relay with the RS-232 RTS or CTS signal from the =

computer running =
ebnaut-tx.exe found on 
http://abelian.org/ebnaut/ =
such that the relay shifts the phasing of =

the input to the =
transformer.
 
Time =
and frequency are important on the decoding end.  Try to get them =

as accurate as possible =
on the TX end.
 
For =
2200m a good starting message format =
is:
 
Code:  8K19A
Symbol Period:  3
CRC: 16
Characters: 5
Duration:  25:36.00
Repeat on the hour and =
half-hour
 
Announce your beacon and give it a try.  Lot=E2=80=99s =
of LF EbNaut listeners 
to let you know if it=E2=80=99s working =
out...
 
Comments and other suggestions are =
welcome.
 
73,
Rob - =
K3RWR
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
On =
Dec 10, 2018, at 15:58, <jrusgrove@comcast.net 
<mailto:jrusgrove@comcast.net>> <jrusgrove@comcast.net 
<mailto:jrusgrove@comcast.net>> wrote:
 
      
BPSK transitions cause key clicks with non =
linear transmitters / 
amplifiers. As a practical matter ... with the high Q =
transmitting 
antennas in =
use ... and that it's unlikely you'll have next door =

neighbor interested in =
LF reception ... it hasn't been a much of a =

problem.
 
Jay =
W1VD
 
 
 
 
----- =
Original Message ----- From: "DK7FC" <selberdenken@posteo.de 
<mailto:selberdenken@posteo.de>>
To: =
<rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org <mailto:rsgb_lf_group@blacksheep.org>>
Sent: =
Monday, December 10, 2018 11:08 AM
Subject: Re: LF: LF and VLF =
EbNaut
 
 
        =

Hi Paul,
 
Am =
09.12.2018 20:02, schrieb N1BUG:
          =

The first thing people =
want
to know is what =
equipment is required for LF EbNaut and how much =
is
this going to cost? =
But answers are hard to come by. I could =
never
get an answer as to =
whether my HP 3325B with high stability =
option
was good =
enough.
          =
  
The =
problem is also on the other side. I don't know what a HP3325B =

is, or, at least, i =
don't know the technical details since i don't =

own one. So i can give =
no advice how to use it for EbNaut =
transmitting
Also there =
are different methods and each radio amateur is convinced =

about his own =
design.
Some methods may =
be easier to realise but less precise and less =

flexible. So based on =
the skills and needs and parts available one =

will decide for a =
certain design.
Thus it =
is not so easy to write up 'the' way to go, there are many =

ways. For example, there =
could be a 'how to EbNaut' including Linux =

components like ebkey, =
which will be useless for someone who insists =

to avoid using =
Linux...
So if you're =
asking the group, then you will get different advice, =

from different designs. =
And this will be confusing! So concentrate =

on the basics and then =
choose your own design.
I =
suggest to start in steps, don't plan to build the perfect system =

until the season is =
over.
 
Basically all you need is an absolutely stable signal =
generator and 
a tool for =
inverting the phase and managing the timing. This can be =

done with Windows and =
Linux.
I think you are =
one of those who avoid using Linux. So then, you =

need SpecLab to generate =
the PSK.
But step 1 is =
the stable signal.
One =
method is to use an up-converter and SpecLab to generate EbNaut. =

SpecLab can generate a =
tone on e.g. 12500 Hz which is then mixed =

with 125 kHz, so there =
is an output at 137.5 kHz. This is how i do =

it =
here.
I can tell you =
about other methods but this may lead to confusion =

already.
Maybe there is one step before step 1, call it step 0: You =
need to 
decide, "YES i =
will now start to transmit EbNaut and i will buy to =

necessary components, =
learn what is necessary to understand, knowing =

it means =
effort!"
 
What =
kind of signal generator do you use =
now?
 
          =

When I asked about amplifiers for EbNaut I =
was told
linear is a =
must
          =
  
Do =
you remember who said that?
          =

but now I find people are doing it with =
nonlinear
amplifiers
          =
  
Yes, =
a linear amplifier is not needed. It is BPSK, the output power =

is always at 100%, which =
is good :-)
 
73, =
Stefan
       &nb=
sp;  =
 
  =
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